Abstract

The paper provides the analysis of a number of well-known works on the substantiation of the shape and parameters of quanta of the space of the Universe, within which the dimensions of quanta are related to the wave parameters of the gravitational field. It is shown that this level of the material world is preceded by the levels of elementary particles, atoms and molecules, which are characterized by a dual state – substance and field (wave-corpuscle). On this basis, the quantum of the space of the Universe with the wave parameters of the gravitational field was associated with the graviton, as a minimal real particle of the Universe. A new rationale for the relationship of the wave parameters of the gravitational field with the wave parameters of the electromagnetic field is also suggested, which is obtained on the basis of strict physical relationships composed of fundamental physical constants: the speed c of light in vacuum, the gravitational constant G and Planckʼs constant h. On this basis, the possibility of linking the parameters of the quantum of the space of the Universe with a single photon is shown. The simplest physical and geometric scheme of the movement of a single photon in the space of the Universe is proposed. The proposed schemes reflect the initial physical structures of the material world, which do not contradict the known laws of physics, so they can be used for further studies of the graviton and photon.

Keywords: Quantum of the space of the Universe; Shape and dimensions; Parameters of the graviton; Single photon

Introduction

The search for minimal quantum values in the Universe is associated with identifying the fundamentals of the structure of the material world. A large number of scientific works that cover the entire period of the formation of science, from ancient times to the present, have been devoted to solving this problem [1]. Previously, quantum such were atoms considered, and then the search went deeper into the area of elementary particles. The most complete study of the structure of the minimal quantum of the space of the Universe was carried out in [2], developing on the base [3] (discovery priority) and evolution of this quantum in [4] (priority new of discovery). However, the connection of these quanta with other minimal material objects of the Universe, to which the graviton and photon can be attributed, was not found. Their research is a complex scientific problem, since many of their properties and parameters are still unknown.

The goal of the work performed is to search for a possible connection between the quantum of the space of the Universe and its other material objects, in particular, the graviton and photon.

The paper does not consider in detail the hypotheses of the physical processes of the birth and structure of the graviton and photon, obtained on the basis of the field theory and relativistic physics. The desire to take into account all the factors in these theories greatly complicates the process of finding a solution to this problem. It proposes an unconventional method based on the transition to Planckʼs level of the structure of the material world [5]. He suggests the opposite movement – from the simplest elements to the complex ones. Such an approach makes it possible to find a solution at the level of creating a concept with its further development in the traditional framework of quantum physics.

The scientific novelty of the work performed is the deepening of knowledge about the fundamentals of the material world on the basis of identifying the connection between the quantum of the space of the Universe and its other quantum-level objects – the graviton and photon.

Of the problem analysis, setting tasks and finding the solutions.

The minimal quantum of the space of the Universe is taken as the initial fundamentally element for further analysis, whose parameters are changed by quantum jumps to the wave parameters of the gravitational field, since they characterize real values of the oscillation frequency ν_G (1) – this Nastasenko constant and wavelength λ_G (2) [6]:

Magnitude and accuracy of parameters G, c, h is recommended CODATA [7].

To determine the wave parameters of the gravitational field in [6], the transition to Planck level of the material world was used, which is deeper than the levels of elementary particles and atoms (Figure 1). At this level, all interaction processes are reduced to the simplest elements and structures obtained on the basis of fundamental physical constants and their transformations [5].

It should be noted that the traditional approach involves the development of the field theory based on Lorentz-Maxwell equations using Einsteinʼs theory of gravity [8-10], the theory of superstrings and other theories [11, 12]. They provide for the complication of field and other structures material world. However, to date, no solution has been found for the wave parameters of the gravitational field by used this way.

The proposed unconventional way [6] allowed finding a solution (1), which is physically strict. Its cannot is disprove it, since it is the only possible solution obtained on the basis of 3 fundamental physical constants c, G, and h. Therefore, the further development of the traditional way solution will lead to the same result (1). The unconventional approach at Planckʼs level [5, 6] made it possible to find the wave parameters of the gravitational field quickly and seamlessly, which confirms the expediency of its wide application in further studies.

In [3], elementary quanta of the space of the Universe were presented in the shape of trihedral figures of the original and mirror reflection forms, which together form a dipole, and 6 such dipoles form a circular quantum of the space of the Universe, with a gravitational radius inside it, which unites the dipoles (Figure 2).

A circular quantum is a stable structure, but elementary quanta and dipoles cannot form an internal gravitational radius; therefore, they cannot exist separately. It was also justified [4] that 12 quanta form a mini-string that has a spiral shape. Gravitational radii inside these quanta form threads in the space of the Universe [4]. Mini-string has a helix coil with a pitch of 12 quanta (Figure 3). The direction of a mini-string coiling has a forward and reverse stroke.

However, the study of the minimum quantum of the space of the Universe cannot be limited to this form; it is presents the main task of further research.

The substantiation for the connection of the minimal quantum of the Universe with a graviton

The analysis of the known objects of the atomic and subatomic levels of the material world [8] showed that they are characterized by a dual state: the substances and field (corpuscle-wave). These levels of prefacing the level of quantum space of the Universe. Since quant has the wave parameters of the gravitational field [2], there is every reason to consider this quantum as a material formation, also having a corpuscle-wave structure.

It was also taken into account that on the basis of the parameters of the frequency of the gravitational field (1), the gravitational constant G can be obtained from addiction (3):

The second starting point is Newtonʼs law of universal gravitation (4):

where: m₁, m₂ – masses (kg) of two point objects situated at the r (m) – distant between them;

Since G is a characteristic of the gravitational interaction that, in the framework of the law (4), manifests itself for the point real objects m₁, m₂, the quantum of the space of the Universe (Fig. 2) can be related of graviton. Its final shape has the form shown in figure 4, which outlines the following: elementary quantum and its form (a), antipode and its form (b), paired quantum – dipole (c) and circular quantum (d).

Stable limiting separating planes in elementary and circular quanta of space is no, as dislocation along them is impossible, and ribs, motion along which is possible, in the framework of Heisenberg uncertainty principle [8], have blurred configurations (spot), interpenetrating each (Figure 4).

uncertainty principle, since quantum jumps can be determined only at their initial and end points. At this level of the structure of the Universe (hereinafter referred to as Planckʼs level), fixed positions are material entities. The further solution of the tasks set in the work is related only to this level. At the same time, inference should be drawn that there is still void on Planckʼs level of the material world, but it is strictly limited to the waves of the gravitational field. Therefore, it is possible for such objects to penetrate into each other only at the similar level of their size smallness.

Currently, the graviton is known to have been theoretically grounded in the 1930-s and is presented in [13]. It has the status of a hypothetical particle, which is referred to elementary particles of the Boson family and constitutes a group of gauge bosons. As an antiparticle it is equivalent to itself, its charge is 0 [11,12]. It participates in gravitational interaction. In the framework of general concepts, as a particle, its mass is theoretically equal to 0, the energy mass (upper experimental limit) is <1.1·10^-29 eV/s². Its quantum numbers are: baryon number is 0, leptonic number is 0, spin is 2ћ, parity is +1, charge parity is +1 [10-12]. These parameters were obtained on the basis of electromagnetic theories and experiments.

However, the same parameters can be obtained on the basis of the minimal quantum of the space of the Universe [4]. The dipole with the side λ_G (Figure 4c) corresponds most fully to them, in which the initial quantum a) has an antipode b) (a mirror reflection), and they both taken together present a mutually balanced compound, a dipole with a neutral (zero) charge. The presence of a dipole allows the “top” and “bottom” of a graviton to strictly select. The spin 2ћ, connected with the gravitational radii of the initial quantum and its antipode, also fits well into the proposed dipole scheme from the two initial elementary quanta. In the final form, 6 dipoles form a circular quantum of space (Figure 4d), while the direct and inverse coiling of its helix form also proves that a graviton has spin 2.

Taking into account the possibility of close packing of the space of the Universe only by structures of 6 dipoles that complete the circle, it is advisable to consider a circular quantum of the Universe as a graviton (Figure 4d), and a dipole (Figure 4c) as a component of its structure, should be considered as a finer elementary particle – a gravitino. The application of the proposed schemes (Figure 4) is acceptable for further research, since at the initial quantum level, in the framework of the principle of minimization, all objects and processes are as simple as possible. Their complication occurs in the transition from Planckʼs level of the material world to higher levels of elementary particles and atoms.

At this, since the birth of the Universe as a result of the Big Bang [14], the expansion of its fields could be uniform. However, due to violations of the symmetry laws occurring in the material world, in these fields the heterogeneities emerged that led to the birth of elementary particles, and further-atoms and other material objects of the Universe originated from them, which led to the complication of the structure of the gravitational field. Since these modifications appeared at higher levels of the material world than Planckʼs one, they therefore go beyond the scope of the tasks of this work and are not considered in detail.

Further estimation of the energy state of the graviton is carried out within the framework of Planckʼs level. The energy mass of the graviton consisting of 6 gravitino dipoles (6 ± 2 = 12), in the period of singularity [14], composes 12 values of Planckʼs energy E_P (5):

For the modern age of the Universe T_U≈ 13.5 billion years [14] or ≈ 4.26·10¹⁷s, the average radius of its gravitational field is R_U = cT_U, where c is the speed of light in vacuum, which has gravitational waves at their propagation. The surface of the propagation of the front of the gravitational wave in it is equal to (6):

Then it is possible to calculate the number of gravitons on which the initial energy (5) dissipates. To do this, we need to determine the area of the hexagonal surface of the circular quantum of the space:

The energy of gravitons in the frontal wave decreases in proportion to the amount of gravitons contained therein and will magnitude amount to (6) which are close to 0. However, it cannot be zero, since without the mass arising from Einsteinʼs law on the connection of energy and mass E = mc², the graviton cannot exist in principle:

It should be taken into account that the real energetic states of the graviton in the modern Universe may differ from the value (8), but this is an average value determined within the framework of Planckʼs level. It magnitude can serve as a benchmark for further research.

The above schemes allow concluding that gravitons of the Universe are stable, and are stationary (do not move in its gravitational field), therefore its expansion is associated with the creation of new gravitons, with the transfer of energy to them from previous gravitons.

For other material objects of the Universe, their mass creates its own stationary gravitational field, which moves along with this material object (for example-the gravitational field of the Earth, which is the moving in orbit around the Sun, etc.). At the same time, energy indices magnitude of gravitons near these objects will be larger than those of gravitons of the Universe (8). As they move away from these objects, their energy is reduced to the merge with the general values of the Universe. Within the void between the fixed points of the graviton (Figure 4), the penetration of objects of the same level of smallness into the graviton is possible; therefore the orientation of the gravitons of the Universe and its other minimal objects may be different. However, these modifications of the material world are also beyond the bounds of Planckʼs level, therefore, they are not considered in detail in this work.

The Substantiation for the connection of the minimal quantum of the space of the Universe with the photon

Further analysis of dependencies (1), (3) showed that the oscillation frequency ν_G is a universal value. Therefore, on its basis other fundamental physical constants can be obtained: the speed of light c in vacuum (9) and Planckʼs constant h (10):

Since the constants c and h are characteristics of the electromagnetic field, it can therefore be argued that the oscillation frequency ν_G is the oscillation frequency of the unified field of the Universe. This allows associating the quantum of the space of the Universe with another smallest possible object-the photon. The possibilities of strict combining of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are presented in [15, 16].

Unlike the graviton, the photon is recognized as a real physical elementary particle. Its real existence was confirmed experimentally in 1926 [17] on the basis of the works of Planck and Einstein [8-10]. The photon, as well as the graviton, it is related to the elementary particles of the Boson family and is constituted a group of gauge bosons. The number of types is 1. It participates in electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. He is not identified as an antiparticle, its charge is 0 (<10^-35e) [18], where e is the electron charge. Charge parity is 1. Within the general idea of photon as of a particle, its mass is assumed to be 0, theoretically it is <10^-22 eV/s²[19]. Spin is 1h, the number of spin states is 2, the helicity is ± 1, the magnetic moment equals 0, the internal parity is uncertain [20-23]. At the same time, modern science considers the photon as a fundamental elementary particle that does not have structure and size.

In the proposed work, within the framework of the common frequency of oscillations of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields (1), (4), as well as the identification of the gravitational field waves with the parameters of the minimum quantum of the space of Universe [2], it is possible to relate the wave parameters of this quantum with a single photon wave parameters (11), (12):

Thus, a single photon has a structure and shape that is identical to the quantum of the space of the Universe (Figure 4). However, unlike motionless gravitons, the photon is mobile. Therefore, based on Figure 3, where a helix of 12 stationary gravitons is shown, a single photon makes a helical motion with the speed of light c, passing through 12 initial positions in each cycle successively (Figure 5). Stopping the photon will lead to the loss of its energy and its absorption by the graviton.

Herein, the upper and lower limits of the energy will be limited by the parameters (3), (8), and all energy systems that have large values present photon beams. If the energy potential of a graviton is higher than the energy potential of a photon, it prevents photons from moving through it.

Since there are no physical contradictions in all the presented schemes (Figures 2-5), it can be argued that they characterize gravitons and a single photon in its motion. At the same time, the number and structure of “colors”, “oddities” and “charms”, which photons and gravitons are assumed to have, can also be coordinated with these schemes.

The solution of the tasks set is obtained at the conceptual level. Their use in further research contributes to the development of physics. Other modifications of the minimal objects of the material world are beyond Planck level, therefore, in this paper they are not considered in detail.

The presentation of the structure and dimensions of a graviton and a single photon was proposed for the first time, which corresponds to the level of scientific discovery [24]. However, to justify them, experimental verification is necessary.

Conclusion

1. The quantum of the space of the Universe with the wave parameters of the gravitational field is associated with the graviton, as the minimal material particle of the Universe.
2. Within the framework of the dualism of the material world at the level of elementary particles, atoms and molecules that have a dual state of substance and field (wave-corpuscle, these same state should be considered characteristic of the graviton. At this, graviton does not exist in principle without mass (the real of its component).
3. Within the identity of the minimal quantum of the space of the Universe and the graviton, its structure should have triangular prisms with antipodes (dipoles) and comply with the principles of close packing of such quanta, which is provided by the circular arrangement of 6 dipoles around their common axis in the form of an end prism of twelve regular triangular faces.
4. Gravitons in the Universe are stable and stationary (they do not move in its gravitational field), therefore its expansion is connected with the creation of new gravitons with energy transfer from previous gravitons.
5. Within the framework of the reasonable interrelation of the wave parameters of the gravitational field with the wave parameters of the electromagnetic field, which follows from strict physical dependencies composed of fundamental physical constants: the speed c of light in a vacuum of the gravitational constant G and Planckʼs constant h, the quanta of the space of the Universe have a structural connection with single photons.
6. Single photons are mobile and can penetrate through gravitons with the energy potential being less than theirs.

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