International Journal of Chemistry and Research

ISSN: 2642-1615

2nd European Chemistry Conference 2019

May 15-16, 2019, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Accepted Abstracts
DOI: 10.18689/2642-1615.a2.004

Green Synthesis and Treatment of Silver Nanoparticles from Leishmania major in Iraq

Magda Abdul Kalek Ali1,2*, Abdulsadah A. Rahi3*, Ali Khamesipour1, Mehdi Mohebali4, Amir Ahmad Akhavan5, Alireza Firoozi6 and Valian Keshavarz7

1,6Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS-IC), Iran
2,3Wasit University, Iraq
4Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Iran
5University of Medical Sciences, Iran
7Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Nanoparticles (NPs) play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in consequence of their larger surface areas in comparison to the bulk material. Among the variety of nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) present unique physical, chemical and biological properties. The present study was evaluated the anti-Leishmania effect of silver nanoparticles on Leishmania major based on investigation of their action on various cellular parameters of the promastigote and amastigote forms of parasite.

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using tannic acid (TA) as both reducing and stabilizer and monitored by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. TA coating resulted in a red-shift and broadening of bands. In vitro assays of Leishmania major promastigotes showed an increase of anti-Leishmania activity for AgNPs-TA. This screening can contribute to the development of new, green and fast produced drugs aiming at Leishmaniasis treatment. Moreover these biologically synthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly effective against different multi-drug resistant human pathogens.

Tetracycline Sorption by a Tailor-made Adsorbent in Aqueous System

Adelagun Ruth Olubukola Ajoke

Federal University, Nigeria

Tetracyclines (TC) are frequently used antibiotics for growth promotion and therapeutic pharmaceuticals both by humans and animal husbandry and commonly encountered in municipal wastewater treatment plants and in the environment in their active form. This implies their continuous release into the environment may facilitate toxic effects both on humans and the environment including development of resistance strains, among others. This research was focused on the synthesis, characterisation and assessment of a tailor-made adsorbent: modified chitosan flakes, using several materials for the modification of chitosan to enhance its sorption properties thereby facilitating a higher percentage of TC removal from a synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater. TC adsorption onto the modified chitosan flakes was relatively fast (equilibrium time = 2 h). Sorption studies revealed that TC removal by the adsorbent followed pseudo second order kinetics and Freundlich Isotherm models. At higher TC input concentration, the amount of TC removed was also higher, this implied the sorption was concentration dependent. Insight into mechanism of sorption revealed cation exchange was an active means of interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbents moieties.

Keywords: Tetracycline, Adsorption, Chitosan, Gastropod shell, Characterisation

Biography:
Dr. Adelagun Ruth Olubukola Ajoke is a senior Lecturer in Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria. She holds Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry (Second Class Upper), Master of Science degree in Environmental Chemistry (Distinction) and Doctor of Science degree in Environmental Chemistry. Her research interests include: water/wastewater treatment, resource recovery, environmental monitoring, environmental toxicological and pollution control.

Cell Viability Study in HEK293 Cells Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles with Chitosan, N-Acylated Chitosan and Chitosan Oligosaccharide

Antonio Sotelo-López*, Paulina Abrica-Gozαlez, Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado and José Abraham Balderas-López

Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Mexico

Currently, chitosan has been studied for different fields, like food and medical applications. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that can be obtained after the transformation of chitin (obtaining 2-amino-2-deoxy-h-D-glucopyranose repeating units but still retaining a small number of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-h-D-glucopyranose residues), a polymer widely present in nature, found as the main constituent of crustaceans shells and as part of the cell walls of many fungi. Despite the potential applications of native chitosan, some modifications are needed in many cases, because of its insolubility in physiological pH and high viscosity in dilute acid solution. At this sense, chitosan represents a good alternative for conjugation with gold nanoparticles due to the compatibility of the amino groups with gold. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with chitosan, acylated chitosan and oligosaccharide chitosan, were synthetized and evaluated in viability assay of HEK-293 cell culture. Physical and chemical properties of gold nano composites were characterized using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Z Potential and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Gold-chitosan, acylated chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide composite nanoparticles were obtained, presenting stability in colloidal distribution, confirming the viable use of chitosan as stabilizer. The assay viability was evaluated by blue dye, cells were compared (dead or damaged) against total cells per field. Best viability was obtained with chitosan oligosaccharide compared to tests with Lipofect AMINETM2000 and chitosan without modification AuNPs that presented the lowest viability. High concentrations were used for all tests, so viabilities were low in comparison with literature.

Atomic Layer Processing of Oxides: Area-Selective ALD and Selective ALE of ZnO

F. Roozeboom1,2*, A. Mameli1, M.A. Verheijen1, B. Karasulu1, A.J.M. Mackus1 and W.M.M. Kessels1

1Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
2TNO-Holst Centre, Netherlands

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) provide Ångström-level film thickness control. Here, we focus on Area-Selective ALD (AS-ALD) and ALE of ZnO processed at 100-250°C. AS-ALD of ZnO was done on SiO2 seed layer patterns on H-terminated Si substrates from diethylzinc and H2O as reagents. In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and SEM/TEM electron microscopy with EDX revealed improved selectivity at higher deposition temperatures. By combining the experimental results with Density Functional Theory, we conclude that the trend in selectivity with temperature is due to a strong DEZ or H2O physisorption on the H-terminated Si at low deposition temperature. This makes temperature a process parameter to improve selectivity. Recent ALE research has focused on 1) Ion-driven plasma etching yielding anisotropic (=directional) etch profiles 2) Thermally-driven etching for isotropic material removal. Here, we will show that one can also obtain isotropic etch profiles in plasma-based ALE of ZnO, which is radical-driven and utilizes acetylacetone (Hacac) and O2 plasma as reagents. In-situ ellipsometry revealed self-limiting half-reactions with etch rates of 0.5-1.3 Å/cycle at 100-250°C. The process was shown on planar and on 3D substrates made up by a regular semiconductor nanowire forest conformally covered by ALD-grown ZnO. TEM studies on these nanowires before and after ALE showed the isotropic nature and the damage-free characteristics of the process. In-situ infrared spectroscopy was used to study the self-limiting nature of the ALE half-reactions and the reaction mechanism. During the Hacac etch reaction that produces Zn(acac)2, acac-species adsorbed on the ZnO surface are the probable cause of the self-limition. The subsequent O2 plasma step resets the surface for the next ALE cycle. High etch selectivities (~80:1) over SiO2 and HfO2 were demonstrated. Preliminary results indicate that this process can be extended to other oxides such as Al2O3.

Biography:
Prof. Fred Roozeboom after his MSc from Utrecht University and PhD at Twente University, Netherlands. From 1980-1982 Fred Roozeboom continued his career in catalysis with ExxonMobil in Baton Rouge, USA. In 1983, he joined Philips Research (since 2006: NXP) in Eindhoven to work on thin-film technology for III-V and Si semiconductors and soft-magnetic materials. From 1997-2009 he led a team on 3D passive Si-integration. For this work he received the Bronze Award for ‘NXP Invention of the Year 2007ʼ and became NXP Research Fellow.
In 2007 he became part-time professor at TU Eindhoven. In 2009 he joined a team at TNO Eindhoven specializing in spatial ALD and ALE. In 2014 he became Fellow of the Electrochemical Society. Fred is co-author of 200+ publications (h-index: 33), 5 book chapters, 35 granted US patents and co-editor of 41 conference proceedings on semiconductor processing.
Fred has been or is active in organizing committees of several conferences (Materials Research Society, Electrochemical Society), was an MRS Meeting chair in 2003 and is a member of the SEMI Europe Semiconductor Technology Programs Committee.
His topics of interest are ultrathin-film technology, plasma processing, reactive ion etching, (spatial) atomic layer processing, 3D passive and heterogeneous integration, RTP, microsystem technology, Li-ion micro-batteries, sensors, displays and EUV optics lifetime.

Carbohydrate Quantification on Glyco Gold Nanoparticles (GAuNPs) Surface using Photothermal Techniques

Guillermo Rocael Vαzquez-Martínez*, J. A. Zamora-Justo and J. A. Balderas López

Universidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico

The development of nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of diseases has increased in the last years. However, most of these nanostructures have not fulfilled the characteristics that the drug and molecular markers carriers need for instance, biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity and good biodistribution. Conversely, the glyco gold nanoparticles (GAuNPs) may be a good option because they do not require toxic reagents like a typical synthesis: hydrazine, silver nitrate, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloride (CTAC), hydroquinone, among others. In addition, GAuNPs are stabilized with carbohydrates monomers, i.e. coated with carbohydrates, this increases the biocompatibility since these molecules are recognized and exchanged continually by biological systems metabolism. One of the main challenges to implement the use of GAuNPs as therapeutic drug carriers is the quantification of superficial carbohydrates, which help to calculate effective dosage in order to avoid side effects in patients with diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases. However, until now, there is not documented techniques for this determination. In this work, we propose a method based on photothermal techniques, particularly the photo pyroelectric spectroscopy, it consists on the measurement at different distances of thermal waves generated by a sample due to the absorption of a modulated light from a laser, with this method, the optical absorption coefficient, β is obtained. It was found that there is a correlation between measured β and the carbohydrates concentration at 658 nm. Hereby, it was possible to quantify by indirect way, the carbohydrates on the GAuNPs surface.

Cell Uptake Study of Drug and DNA Loaded Gold Nanoparticles

J. A. Zamora-Justo*, G. R. Vαzquez-Martínez, J. A. Balderas López, A. Muñoz-Diosdado and M.A.A. Ibαñez-Hernαndez

Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología – Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied for medical purposes due to their biocompatility and functionalization easiness, for instance. Nevertheless, in order to improve these parameters, polymers have been employed as gold nanoparticles coating, particularly the polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most popular coatings. Currently, there are several studies which use PEGylated gold nanoparticles as drugs or DNA delivery systems for treatment of some diseases. Hereby, it is important to use some markers which allows the quantification of cell uptake. pIRES2-EGFP is a plasmid DNA (pDNA) which produces, after transfection, a fluorescent molecule which stains the cell and can be observed with fluorescence microscopy. In addition, there are some fluorescent drugs, for instance, the atorvastatine which is a drug for cholesterol synthesis inhibition. In this work, the study of cell uptake of DNA and atorvastatine loaded PEGylated gold nanoparticles was performed by using Human Embrionary Kidney cell culture (HEK 293), the transfection and cell uptake efficiency was determined by means of fluorescence microscopy. Gold nanoparticles were synthetized with Turkevich method and then functionalized by adding 1 ml of 1 μM NH2-PEG-SH solution and stirred for 30 minutes. The results show that PEGylated gold nanoparticles loaded with the pDNA have a transfection efficenty of 52.29% and the atorvastatine with the particles has a cell uptake of 69.39%, this evidence that this kind of particles could be used for DNA or drug delivery in many medical applications.

Selective Gas Sorption and Proton Conduction by MOFs

Madhab C. Das

Indian Institute of Technology, India

Self-assembly of bent dicarboxylate linkers and flexible N,N-donor spacers with transition metals forms interpenetrated/noninterpenetrated 2D/3D MOFs (IITKGP) networks of versatile topology 1-6. The frameworks are microporous with considerable solvent accessible volume and form 1D channels along particular directions with the dimensions ranging from <3-7 Å2. As the stability of MOFs in presence of water and/or moisture is a topic of significant importance while considering them for practical applications, these frameworks revealed high stability towards moisture and water as well. The desolvated framework showed modest uptake of CO2 and considerably low amount of CO2 and N2 uptake at ambient conditions. IAST calculations showed high selectivity values of CO2/N2 (15:85) and CO2/CH4 (50:50) at ambient conditions. The high CO2 separation selectivity over N2 and CH4 along with its moisture/water stability makes these MOFs potential candidate for CO2 separation from flue gas mixture and land fill gas mixture as well. Unexplored powerful template assisted strategy to obtain superprotonic solid state MOF proton conductors will also be discussed.

Biography:
Madhab C. Das received his Ph.D. in supramolecular chemistry under in 2009 from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. He did his postdoctoral works at University of Texas at San Antonio (2009-2011), University of Calgary (2011-12) and Kyoto University (2012-2013) as JSPS fellow. Then, he joined at IIT Kharagpur (India) as an assistant professor in December 2013. His research group is focused on design and synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) and Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Frameworks (HOFs) for their potential applications in gas storage, gas separation, proton conduction, small molecule sensing and heterogeneous catalysis.

Exploiting Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding for Stereo Selective Synthesis

Palaniraja Subramaniam1*, Chandrasekaran Ramasubbu2 and Selvaraj Athiramu3

1Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd, India
2Sai Supreme Chemicals, India
3Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, India

A new prospective in stereo selective methodology: Intramolecular hydrogen bonding directed highly stereo specific, transition metal free synthetic protocol for amide substituted β-aminoenones has been reported. High stereo selectivity, atom efficiency, excellent yields and high purity were achieved by just filtration and drying without using any metal catalyst or column chromatographic purifications. To the best of our knowledge, metal-free synthesis of stereo defined β-aminoenones is not yet reported. Toxic solvents like dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran were replaced by methanol and by product is just et hanol. High stereo selectivity, atom efficiency, excellent yields and high purity were achieved by just filtration and drying without any column chromatographic purifications. Synthetic versatility of this method has been explored by using different classes of amines such as aliphatic amines, aryl amines, chiral amino acids, hetero aryl amines, amino sugars, nucleobases, nucleosides and diamines. The reported method offers lot of advantages such as: high stereo selectivity, mild reaction conditions, less solvent usage, tolerant to lactones and high purity with enantiomeric ratio up to 100:0 when used chiral amines. Out of 31 examples 20 were synthesized in gram scale which demonstrates the simplicity of the protocol. Systematically, we have confirmed the role of dual IMHB (C=O∙∙∙H‒N) on Z-direction using single-crystal X-ray structure and 1D, 2D NMR studies. Our strategy may open new prospective in the field of stereo selective synthesis.

Biography:
Palaniraja Subramaniam has his expertise in synthesis of wide variety of organic molecules and Green Chemistry. He started his career as a chemist in Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India in 2006. Has 13 years of experience in manufacturing, R&D, process optimisation, Custom Synthesis, Green chemistry reengineering, Technology transfer, Scale-up, new product introduction etc., Currently, leading a team of scientists in Merck and handling new products development. Part of his Ph.D research he worked on developing a metal free and stereo selective synthetic protocol for amide substituted β-aminoenones using the intramolecular hydrogen bond formation as a stereo selective control tool.

Non-Viral Plasmid DNA Carrier with Cationic Modified Polymer-Gold Nanoparticles

Paulina Abrica-Gozαlez1*, Miguel Ángel Ibαñez-Hernαndez2, Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado1, José Abraham Balderas-López1 and Antonio Sotelo-López1

1Basic Science Department, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Mexico
2Biochemistry Department, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ENCB, Mexico

Physical properties from gold nanoparticles make them a very good option for gene vehicles development. Among several applications, in the medical field, gene therapy may be improved with gold nanoparticles, for the treatment of infections and monogenetic or polygenetic hereditary disorders. Gene addition or suppression are a few of many options for genetic manipulation. This work explores an alternative non-viral method for gene transfer by using metallic nanoparticles functionalized with organic polymers. Chitosan was used with three kinds of modifications, modified molecular weight, chain length and hydrophobicity. Mentioned composites were characterized by different microscopies and spectroscopies and interactions between them with gold nanoparticles and plasmid DNA were demonstrated with agarose gel electrophoresis. Performed transfections were evaluated by β-galactosidase activity and with plasmid DNA fluorescence (pIRES-2-EGFP). The obtained transfection efficiency with modified chitosan-gold nanoparticles complex was higher than that with Lipofect AMINETM2000 positive control. The obtained transfection efficiency with modified chitosan increases more than 50%. It can be observed that the size of gold nanoparticles with modified chitosan and their relationship between charge and morphology are factors that influence the efficiency of cellular transfection with plasmid DNA.

Elucidation of the Mechanism of Intramolecular Electronic Energy Transfer and its Implications in Molecular Electronics

Shammai Speiser

Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

This lecture provides a review of the research done to elucidate the mechanism of short range intramolecular electronic energy transfer. Specially designed bichromophoric molecules were utilized in various environments such as solutions, stretched polymer films and supersonic molecular beams. Various spectroscopic tools were used exploring the dynamics of the transfer process. The role played by the bichromophoric molecular bridge will be discussed.

The prospects of utilizing bichromophoric molecules for realizing an all optical molecular full-adder logic element will be discussed.

Biography:
Shammai Speiser was born in Haifa, Israel, on December 26, 1941. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees in chemistry from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, in 1963, 1964 and 1970, respectively. In 1973 he joined in the Faculty of Chemistry at Technion, where he is presently a Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and was the holder of the Israel Freund Chair of Chemistry. He served as the Head of the Youth Liaison Office (1988-1991) and as the Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry (1991-1994), during his tenure as Dean he leaded a major change in the Faculty due to recruiting of 9 new faculty. He served as the Dean of the Division of Continuing Education and External Studies (2033-2009). Between 2003 and 2006 he served as the President of the Israel Chemical Society.
He was awarded several prizes and honors, among them the Klein Prize (1984), the New England Prize (1993), the John van Geuns Lecture-University of Amsterdam (1995), the JSPS Research Prize, Japan (1997), the Taub Prize (2001) and the Medal of Claude Bernard University in Lyon, France (2002).
His current interests are in the applications of lasers in chemistry, photophysics of organic molecules, inter and intramolecular electronic energy, electron and proton transfer, molecular opto-electronics & nonlinear optics and molecular electronics. He has published ca. 170 research papers.

Elaboration of Biodegradable PEGylated Nanoparticles Made of α-Amino Acid Based “Pseudo-Proteins”

Temur Kantaria*, Tengiz Kantaria, Sophio Kobauri, David Tugushi and Ramaz Katsarava

Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, Georgia

The elaboration of nano and microscale drug delivery systems is a topical issue today since the selective (targeted) drug delivery is one of the basic problems of modern drug therapy. The important technological advantages of polymeric NPs usage as drug carriers are their high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of encapsulation of both hydrophilic or hydrophobic substances, as well as a high variety of possible administration routes. One of the most promising for the design of NPs are α-amino acid-based biodegradable polymers called as “pseudo-proteins”, because they can be cleared from the body after the fulfilment of their function. One of the most promising representatives of the pseudo-proteins are poly (ester amides), (PEAs) composed of non-toxic building blocks like fatty diols and dicarboxylic acids along with α-amino acids.

In our previous study we have reported a systematic study for the preparation of biodegradable NPs by nanoprecipitation method using PEAs. The present work deals with the fabrication of the surface modified biodegradable NPs that includes the PEGylation (coating NPs with polyethylene glycol cloud) and imparting positive charge to NPs. The PEGylation of NPs is important for improving their stability against immune system, whereas positive surface charge is important for enhancing permeability through the biological barriers. The PEA 8L6 composed of L-leucine (L), 1,6-hexanediol (6) and sebacic acid (8) was used as a basic polymer for fabricating the NPs. An originally designed comb-like co-PEA, containing lateral PEG-2000 chains along with 8L6 anchoring fragments (8L6-PEG), was used as a PEGylating surfactant.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG) [FR17_102, Elaboration of Biodegradable Nanocarriers for Ocular Drug Delivery in Ophthalmology].

Biography:
Temur Kantaria is currently a Postdoctoral researcher at Agricultural University of Georgia. He got his PhD in Chemistry from Agricultural University of Georgia & Free University of Tbilisi in 2018. He has published 5 scientific papers and 25 conference papers. Temur Kantaria has his expertise in the preparation and characterizatio n of nanoparticles on the basis of amino acid based biodegradable poly(ester urea)s (MS thesis, 2015, Georgian Technical University) and in the preparation, surface modification and characterization of new biodegradable nano and microparticles on the basis of pseudo-proteinspoly(ester amide)s and poly(ester urea)s (PhD thesis, 2018).

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