Monica De Caroli, University del Salento, Italy
PGIP2 (Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins 2), a Phaseolus vulgaris cell wall protein, after its secretion to the apoplast, undergoes internalization in the absence of its natural fungal interactor. CesA6 is an Arabidopsis thaliana subunit of the Cellulose Synthase Complex constantly recycled from the plasma membrane to MASCs. These very diverse proteins were used as markers to highlight differences at the level of TGN/EE. The mechanisms underlying endocytosis in plant cells involve several endosomal organelles whose origin and specific role need still to be clarified. The first endosome encountered on the pathway is recognized to be the TGN. A comparative approach was used to dissect the endocytic pathway of tagged variant of PGIP2 and CesA6, testing the effect of several pharmacological drugs and evaluating the interfering effect of the t-SNARE SYP51. PGIP2- GFP internalization was specifically sensitive to tyrphostin A23, salicylic acid and Sortin 2 and SYP51 showed an interfering effect on its delivering to the vacuole. SecGFP-CesA6 was sensitive to Endosidin 5. BFA treatment affected the intracellular compartments labelled by both proteins, but PGIP2-GFP aggregated compartments overlapped with those labelled by the endocytic dye FM4-64 while secGFP-CesA6 filled different compartments. Furthermore, RFP-NIP1.1, a marker of direct ER-to-Vacuole traffic, seemed to contribute to the enrichment of CesA6 membrane intracellular compartments. All the data indicate that PGIP2 and CesA6 were internalized through distinct endosomes with different mechanism, confirming the existence of a heterogeneous population of Golgi-independent TGNs, diversified in their endocytic functions.
Biography:
Monica De Caroli is a technician at the University del Salento, Lecce, Italy. She graduated in Biological Sciences at the University del Salento and received PhD in “Biology and Biotecnology” at the University del Salento. She was awarded with the SBI (Società Botanica Italiana) prize best PhD thesis for year 2007. The research has been focused in plant cell biology, in particular on the study of the secretion mechanisms of cell wall proteins. She has a good expertise on construction of fluorescent protein, confocal scanning microscope observations and tabacco and Arabidopsis transformation techniques.
1Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
2Debre Markos University, Ethiopia
3Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
4Fogera National Rice Research and Training Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia
5Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
The search for technologies for crop improvement has been a continuous practice to address the food insecurity to the growing human population with an ever decreasing arable land and dynamic climate change around the world. Considering potential technologies for crop improvement could close the rooms of poverty in developing countries in particular and around the globe at large. In due regard, the purpose of this review is to assess the site-directed mutation creation methods and to show the potential tools for future crop improvement programs. Site-directed mutagenesis was found to be an efficient process to create targeted mutation on cereal crops, horticultural crops, oilseed crops and others. Agronomic traits such as yield, quality and stress tolerance have been improved using site-directed mutagenesis. Besides, selectable marker elimination was also reported from transgenic crops by targeted mutation. Most of the reports on site-directed mutagenesis is focusing on cereal crops (58.339%) followed by horticultural crops (22.92%). Any work targeting to cereals could ensure food security to the world human population. Four mutagenic tools have been reported to which the CRISPR/Ca9 technology was found to be frequently used (66.67%) followed by TALENs. This tool is potential since it is efficient in creating targeted mutagenesis and less likely off-target effect, so it is repeatedly used in different research works. TALENs were used usually to knockout genes with bad traits. Moreover, the mutation created by mutagenic tools found to be efficient and the mutated traits proved as it was heritable to generations. Hence, site-directed mutagenesis by the CRISPR/Cas9 system is advisable for agricultural development thereby ensuring food sustainability around the world.
Biography:
Yilkal Bezie Ayele Specialty-Plant Biotechnology and he currently a PhD student at Bahir Dar University in Agricultural Biotechnology. He is an Assistant professor in Plant Biotechnology. His home institution is Debre Markos University since 2007-present. He was teaching courses like Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Molecular Marker and their application, Omics, Medicinal plants and their antimicrobial evaluation, Plant Tissue Culture techniques, Plant breeding, Plant Biotechnology, Recombinant DNA Technology, Bioinformatics, Laboratory techniques in molecular biology, Medical Biotechnology, Immunology and Immunotechnology and Cellular Biology.
ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, India
Srghum, is an important cereal crop with multiple uses. Crop improvement programs in India have availed the genetic diversity in the primary gene pool and the yield has arrived at a plateau. It is time to bring in the novel variations from other gene pools to contribute to plant breeding. Tertiary wild species of sorghum carry many agronomically important traits, however, could not be used in breeding programs due cross incompatibility in terms of pollen-pistil inhibitions. Interspecific and intergeneric pollination in sorghum is accomplished through pre-treatment of pollen, repeated pollination and floral sprays. Interspecific hybrids were confirmed through molecular analysis and the progeny inherited many undesirable traits. Through back crossing these were used for genetic widening of two important parental lines 27 and 126.
In another study, large de novo variation in F2 was obtained after repeated pollinations of sorghum lines with the pregerminated pollen from maize. All the phenotypes were biased towards sorghum; nevertheless, large heritable variations were used for development of novel pre-breeding lines. RAPD marker analysis of the derivatives in advanced stages of generation showed maize specific bands. We present the characterization and utilization of these wide hybrid derivatives in sorghum crop improvement program relevant to forage, sweet sorghum and grain sorghum improvement programs.
Biography:
K.B.R.S.Visarada is a Principal Scientist at ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India. Her Major contributions are reflected in sorghum as the development of pre-breeding material for crop improvement programs through application of tissue culture, transgenic technology and wide hybridization. Apart from research, she worked for spreading awareness of Intellectual Property Rights in agriculture through teaching credit courses and interactions. She is the elected life member of Plant tissue culture association of India. She has many international fellowships to her credit, lead many competitive projects, has products, patent and publications to her credit.
1The New Mexico Consortium, USA
2New Mexico, USA
Plant proteins, that recognize and lyse bacteria, play an important role in innate immunity against bacterial infection. However, pathogenic bacteria often evolve multiple resistance mechanisms to inactivate these proteins, defeat plant innate immune defense and propagate infection. We hypothesize that plant innate immunity can be enhanced by linking recognition and lysis proteins in a protein chimera, expression of which in a transgenic plant, would not only confer disease resistance but also overcome bacterial resistance. In this article, we describe the design and testing of the transgenic tomatoes expressing the protein chimeras of host derived recognition and lysis domains. These transgenic tomatoes protect against bacterial speck, spot and wilt, enhance innate immunity during infection, overcomes bacterial resistance and produce fruits with good yield and quality. Thus, the transgenic tomatoes offer a viable option for maintaining the productivity and marketability of fresh and processed fruit in the face of bacterial diseases.
Biography:
Goutam Gupta after obtaining his MS in Particle Physics, he obtained his MS and PhD in Molecular Biophysics from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. His PhD thesis on “Conformational Flexibility of DNA” garnered him a national young scientist award in 1983. After post-doctoral training in SUNY at Albany he began work at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1990 in Theoretical Biology and Biophysics. At LANL, he started working on the DNA repeats that are associated with diabetes and neurological disorders. Dr. Guptaʼs group was the first to determine the high-resolution NMR structures of these DNA repeats and structure-function correlations to describe the mechanisms by which these repeats are abnormally expanded and cause aberrant expression of the associated genes and proteins leading to onset and progression of disease. He also determined the high-resolution NMR structures of different gp120-V3 loops and performed immunological assays to show how subtle changes in sequence lead to neutralizing escape mutants.
Goutam Gupta after obtaining his MS in Particle Physics, he obtained his MS and PhD in Molecular Biophysics from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. His PhD thesis on “Conformational Flexibility of DNA” garnered him a national young scientist award in 1983. After post-doctoral training in SUNY at Albany he began work at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1990 in Theoretical Biology and Biophysics. At LANL, he started working on the DNA repeats that are associated with diabetes and neurological disorders. Dr. Guptaʼs group was the first to determine the high-resolution NMR structures of these DNA repeats and structure-function correlations to describe the mechanisms by which these repeats are abnormally expanded and cause aberrant expression of the associated genes and proteins leading to onset and progression of disease. He also determined the high-resolution NMR structures of different gp120-V3 loops and performed immunological assays to show how subtle changes in sequence lead to neutralizing escape mutants.
Goutam Gupta has combined structural biology, immunology and genome research to determine the mechanisms of action of pathogenic bacteria and their virulence factors and toxins. This knowledge led to the development of pre-symptomatic diagnosis and therapy of human and plant bacteria. Currently Dr. Gupta is also working on Alzheimerʼs Disease to determine how the brainʼs innate immune defense is compromised by amyloid formation and how itʼs immunity can be re-engineered to prevent amyloid formation.
has combined structural biology, immunology and genome research to determine the mechanisms of action of pathogenic bacteria and their virulence factors and toxins. This knowledge led to the development of pre-symptomatic diagnosis and therapy of human and plant bacteria. Currently Dr. Gupta is also working on Alzheimerʼs Disease to determine how the brainʼs innate immune defense is compromised by amyloid formation and how itʼs immunity can be re-engineered to prevent amyloid formation.
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