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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Editorial Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Phytoplankton: The Life Jacket of the Planet Earth</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="
Abhijit Mitra"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, India</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="
Abhijit Mitra"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, 
Department of Marine Science,
University of Calcutta,
35, B.C. Road, Kolkata 700 019,
India, E-mail: <a href="mailto:abhijit_mitra@hotmail.com">abhijit_mitra@hotmail.com</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> November 16, 2023 <b>Accepted:</b> December 04, 2023 <b>Published:</b> December 20, 2023</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b>: Mitra A. Phytoplankton: The Life 
Jacket of the Planet Earth. <i>Madridge J Agric 
Environ Sci</i>. 2023; 5(1): 68-70.
doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/mjaes-1000113">10.18689/mjaes-1000113</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2023 The Author(s). This work 
is licensed under a Creative Commons 
Attribution 4.0 International License, which 
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and 
reproduction in any medium, provided the 
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/mjaes-1000113.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
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<p class="art-para">The pelagic environment of the ocean supports two basic types of marine organisms. 
One type comprises the <b>plankton</b>, or those organisms whose powers of locomotion are 
such that they are incapable of making their way against the current and thus are 
passively transported by currents in the aquatic system and the other type includes the 
<b>nekton</b> (free swimmers), which are free-floating animals that, in contrast to plankton, 
are strong enough to swim against currents and are therefore independent of water 
movements. The category of nekton includes fish, squid and marine mammals.</p>
<p class="art-para">The word plankton has come from the Greek word “planktos”, meaning that which 
is passively drifting or wandering. Depending upon whether a planktonic organism is a 
plant or animal, a distinction is made between <b>phytoplankton</b> and <b>zooplankton</b>.
Although many planktonic species are of microscopic dimensions, the term is not 
synonymous with small size as some of the zooplankton includes jellyfish of several 
meters in diameter. It is not necessary that all plankton is completely passive, most of 
them are capable of swimming too.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Phytoplankton</b> are free floating tiny floral components that are widely distributed 
in the marine and estuarine environments. Like land plants, these tiny producers require 
sunlight, nutrients or fertilizers, carbon dioxide gas and water for growth. The cells of 
these organisms contain the pigment <b>chlorophyll</b> that traps the solar energy for use in 
<b>photosynthesis</b>. The photosynthetic process uses the solar radiation to convert carbon 
dioxide and water into sugars or high energy organic compounds from which the cell 
forms new materials. The synthesis of organic material by photosynthesis is termed 
<b>primary production</b>. Since phytoplankton are the dominant producers in the ocean, 
their role in the marine food chain is of paramount importance. Approximately, 4000 
species of marine phytoplankton have been described and new species are continually 
being added to this total. Phytoplankton exhibit remarkable adaptations to remain in 
floating condition in the seawater. In fact, all marine phytoplankton tend to stay in the 
photic zone to utilize the solar radiation for performing the process of photosynthesis. 
In order to retard the process of sinking, this group of organisms adopts various 
mechanisms. These include their small size and general morphology, as the ratio of cell 
surface area to volume determines frictional drag in the water. Colony or chain formation 
also increases surface area and slows sinking. Most species carry out ionic regulation, in 
which the internal concentration of ions is reduced relative to their concentration in 
seawater. Diatoms also produce and store oil and this metabolic by-product further 
reduces cell density. In experimental conditions, living cells tend to sink at rates ranging 
from 0 to 30 m day-1, but dead cells may sink more than twice as fast. In nature, 
turbulence of surface waters is also an important factor in maintaining phytoplankton 
near the surface where they receive abundant sunlight.</p>
<p class="art-para">Phytoplankton present in the marine and estuarine environments use carbon dioxide 
for photosynthesis and hence play an important role in maintaining the carbon dioxide 
budget of the atmosphere. The larger the world’s phytoplankton population, the more 

carbon dioxide gets pulled from the atmosphere. This lowers 
the average temperature of the atmosphere due to lower 
volumes of this greenhouse gas. Scientists have found that a 
given population of phytoplankton can double its numbers in 
the order of once per day. In other words, phytoplankton 
responds very rapidly to changes in their environment.</p>
<p class="art-para"> 
Phytoplankton sometimes may cause adverse impact on 
the marine and estuarine environment. During excessive bloom 
of phytoplankton, the light energy is intercepted, which could 
otherwise reach fixed plants like eel grass (Zostera spp.) and 
kelp. Furthermore, when the phytoplankton eventually die back 
and break down, an excessive amount of oxygen is required to 
fuel this process, and hence areas may become deprived of 
oxygen. Excessive nutrients, and/ or changes in their relative 
concentrations, may be one factor in a chain of events leading 
to changes in the species composition of the phytoplankton 
communities. Increased occurrence of toxic algal blooms may 
accelerate toxin production. Toxic phytoplankton, when 
consumed by shellfish or other species can affect the marine 
food chain, including poisoning of seabirds, mammals and even 
humans. It has been established that phytoplankton naturally 
contains DMS (dimethyl sulphide), which is released from dead 
phytoplankton into the atmosphere. This compound can 
transform into sulphuric acid, which eventually may contribute 
to acid rain <b>(http://oceanlink.island.net/ask/pollution.html)</b>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Nearly all marine plants, whether unicellular or 
multicellular, even those attached to substrata (sessile) or free 
floating, pass some part of their life cycle in floating condition 
as phytoplankton. However, those organisms which always 
remain planktonic throughout the life cycle are 1) diatoms, 2) 
dinoflagellates, 3) coccolithophores, 4) selective species of 
blue-green algae and 5) some species of green algae.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Diatoms</p>
<p class="art-para">These floating plants are all microscopic in size and are 
characterised by the presence of shell or frustule. The shell or 
frustule is composed of translucent silica. The cell wall of 
diatom has two parts resembling a pillbox bottom and lid. 
The lid is called the <b>epitheca</b> and the bottom is known as 
<b>hypotheca</b>. These shells have great importance from the 
geological point of view and constitute the diatomaceous 
crust. The diatoms exhibit remarkable varieties and forms and 
many species possess beautifully sculptured shells.</p>
<p class="art-para">Depending on the nature of valves and pattern of 
ornamentation in the valve surface, the diatoms are grouped 
into <b>centric</b> and <b>pennate</b> diatoms. The major differences 
between these two groups are given in table 1.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="t001">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/mjaes-113-t001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div> 
<p class="art-subhead">Dinoflagellates</p>
<p class="art-para"> 
These are important producers of the marine environment 
and rank second in importance in the economy of the sea. 
Typically, these are unicellular, some are naked while others 
are armoured with plates of cellulose. The dinoflagellates 
possess two flagella for locomotion. Several of them are 
luminescent and produce light. Skeletonema costatum and 
Coscinodiscus eccentricus are common dinoflagellates in 
marine and estuarine system.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Coccolithophores</p>
<p class="art-para">These are among the smallest category of phytoplankton 
having a size range between 5 to 20 microns. Some 
coccolithophores have flagella while others are devoid of them. 
Their soft bodies are shielded by tiny, calcified circular plates or 
shields of various designs. These are normally found in the open 
sea, but their profuse occurrence has been recorded in coastal 
waters. They form important diet components of filter feeding 
animals. Examples are Isochrysis galbana and Coccolithus sp.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Blue-Green Algae</p>
<p class="art-para"> 
These include both unicellular and multicellular organisms. 
The blue colour in them is due to the presence of a pigment 
known as phycocyanin. Of the various organisms belonging 
to this category, the most important is Trichodesmium 
erythraeum because in certain seasons of the year its biomass 
increases greatly resulting in the formation of clumps.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Green Algae</p>
<p class="art-para">Microscopic green algae present in the planktonic 
community largely occur in coastal waters. The green colour 
in them is due to the presence of chloroplasts. They are widely 
distributed in the warmer (tropical) seas and only few species are 
found in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Chlorella marina and 
Chlorella salina are common green algae in estuarine waters.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Phytoplankton: The Service Provider in 
Context to Climate Change</p>
<p class="art-para">If trees are the lungs of the land, phytoplankton are the 
lungs of the ocean, producing about half of the world’s 
oxygen. While trees have full leaf canopies to collect carbon 
from the atmosphere and turn it into oxygen, phytoplankton 
are microscopic and rely on sheer numbers to help transport 
9 trillion kilograms of carbon (equivalent to the weight of over 
5 million blue whales) from the atmosphere to the depths of 
the ocean. Approximately 25,000 species of phytoplankton 
(documented till date) worldwide work in harmony to 
photosynthesize and create food that is the basis for almost 
all marine food webs.</p>
<p class="art-para">“Without phytoplankton, the world would be in serious 
trouble. As humans continue to change the ocean, it is vital to 
understand how phytoplankton will be affected. So, to 
understand how phytoplankton will respond to a changing ocean, researchers consolidated large number of scientific 
studies on phytoplankton and changes in nutrients with 
ocean acidification and warming. The researchers found that 
with a more acidic ocean, phytoplankton had a dramatic 
change in how they used nutrients like becoming more 
efficient in their use of nitrogen when nitrogen was limited. 
When the phytoplankton were put under even more stress in 
nutrient limited conditions, the change was even greater. 
Essentially, phytoplankton changed the way their cells were 
functioning due to stress, just like how many people tend to 
eat more when suffer from stress or depression.</p>
<p class="art-para">The ocean is warming just like the atmosphere. Each 
phytoplankton species is used to a different temperature – 
those in the arctic like it cold, while those in the tropics prefer 
tank top weather. However, researchers found that most 
phytoplankton grew better with warmer ocean temperatures. 
Not only does this mean that phytoplankton will grow in heat, 
but it also means that they will be able to reproduce more 
quickly, creating even more phytoplankton. Scientists think 
that warmer oceans would make it easier for phytoplankton 
cells to function and would decrease the amount of 
phosphorous each plankton needs. Arctic and temperate 
regions are expected to feel the largest impacts of ocean 
heating in the future, leading to the largest change in 
phytoplankton dynamics in these areas.</p>
<p class="art-para">These creatures may be microscopic in size, but, when 
taken together, this tiny producer community has an 
enormous regulatory influence on the planet’s atmosphere, 
capturing as much as 40% of all CO<sub>2</sub>
 produced, which is 
roughly about four times the amount captured by the Amazon 
rainforest.</p>
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