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<li><a href="#articleinfo">Article Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Opinion Article</p>
<p class="art-title">
Orientation in Space</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="
Branko V. Miskovic"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
Independent Scientist, Novi Sad, Serbia</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="
Branko V. Miskovic"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>,
Independent Scientist,
Atar 16, 21209 Bukovac, Novi Sad
Serbia,
E-mail: <a href="mailto:brankovmiskovic@yahoo.com">brankovmiskovic@yahoo.com</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> January 29, 2024
<b>Accepted:</b> February 23, 2024
<b>Published:</b> March 11, 2024</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Miskovic BV. Orientation in Space.
<i>Int J Phys Stud Res</i>. 2024; 6(1): 104-109.
doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpsr-1000117">10.18689/ijpsr-1000117</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2024 The Author(s). This work
is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpsr-1000117.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
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<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p cThe position, motion and acceleration of physical objects in the natural laws
understand a relevant reference frame. In this sense, the two extreme solutions have
been mutually confronted: an absolute cosmic frame or certain equivalence in a class of
the frames at least. The imagined formal frames need be connected to evident material
bodies. Owing to the complex mutual motions of all celestial bodies, none of them
deserves a privileged status. Not only that the vacuum medium is inaccessible by
instruments, but its nature and existence are questionable. On the other hand, even the
limited equivalence of the formal frames, in the special relativity, does not obey some
exceptional technical situations. A few restrictions of relativity in the mechanical and EM
processes are here presented. As the synthesis of the two extreme theses, Mach
understood a local orientation, in relation to the dominant material surroundings. In the
technical practice, such a frame is connected to Earth. The astronomy and astronautics
are tacitly referred to the local surroundings, just determined by nearby celestial bodies
or their gravitations.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Aim:</b> The solution of one of the crucial questions in physics.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Study design:</b> Comparison and relation of known physical facts.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Methodology:</b> Exhaustive reexamination of these relations.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Study duration:</b> Throughout the author&#8217;s working life.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Results:</b> Instead of the absolute or arbitrary orientation, the local preferential frames are
finally affirmed and applied.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Absolute, Relative, Local, Frame, Motion</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">
Physical laws describe the object interactions, in the form of the forces or energies
determined by the kinematical quantities. The material bodies or particles, as the
objects, represent the concentrated amounts of respective substantial quantities. The
static, kinetic and dynamic forces are respectively determined by the positions, motions
and accelerations of such objects [1,2]. The three mentioned kinematical quantities need
be determined in a relevant reference frame, connected to an evident material body.
With respect to the perpetual mutual motions, rotations and revolutions of all celestial
bodies, the relevant reference is very questionable. Not only that such a frame is due to
determine all the forces and energies, but also the object trajectories. Though
theoretically simplest, the absolute reference frame has not been identified. At least
approximately, the local technical orientation usually concerns Earth. Even after
substitution of the terrestrial by solar orientation, it is not adequate in the wider cosmic
space, out of the solar planetary system.</p>
<p class="art-para">
With respect to the limited former sights, the initial
problem took the cosmological sense. Irrespective of the
physical laws, a comparative body played the role of the
cosmic center. In the first view, Earth seemed to be such a
center. However, the paths of the other planets in this frame
are extremely complex and illogical. Instead of the irregular
planetary paths in relation to Earth, their concentric, circular
or slightly elliptical orbits around Sun, obeying the three
Keppler&#8217;s rules, were the bases for reliable formulation of the
law of gravitation. On the other hand, such Moon&#8217;s orbit
around Earth appears similarly complex in relation to Sun.
Overlooking this fact, the traumatic transition from the
narrower into wider references gave the impression of a great
scientific revolution. In the final instance, none of these two
references is applicable in the wider cosmic space, pointing to
the predominant material surroundings, in the given spatial
domain or respective level of observation.</p>
<p class="art-para">
A similar problem appeared in electrodynamics. Though
the terrestrial orientation satisfies the usual technical practice,
the reference of light propagation in the wider space is
problematic. In the aim of confirmation of the expected
absolute reference, connected to the rigid vacuum medium,
Michelson made the known experiment, proposed by Maxwell.
The difference of the two relative speeds of light in the
longitudinal and transverse directions in relation to the orbiting
Earth had been calculated in advance. However, the negative
practical result pointed to the local preferential frame,
connected to Earth. With respect to the traumatic Copernican
U-turn, this fact has not been noticed nor emphasized. The
later more accurate results, in amount of a few percent of the
calculated value, have not been explained but are tacitly
neglected or even forgotten by the time. Instead of the
preferential local frames, the arbitrary orientation is proposed
and imposed, as the provisory alternative at least.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f001">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpsr-117-f001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">

In the absence of a unique reliable frame, the attention is
paid to the mutual relations between two arbitrary frames,
which needed equivalence is expressed by the principle of
relativity. However, this principle is strictly satisfied by the
static forces only, dependent on mutual distance of two
interacting objects (Fig. 1), as the difference of their positions
in the two frames. The kinetic force in Ampere&#8217;s law depends
on the speed product [1], inexpressible by the relativity.
Including one speed into the field expression, the relativity
concerns mutual motion of the magnet and conductor. The
dynamic forces, without the other explicit object, are especially
problematic. The relativity must be thus restricted to uniform
rectilinear motion. The obtained relations of the distances
and times pushed back the orientation itself, and the
geometrically expressed gravitation did not at all exceed the
restrictions of relativity. The two unresolved problems are
thus shadowed by the two useless theories.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Restricted Relativity</p>
<p class="art-para">
With implicit idea of relativity, Newton made the wellknown experiment for checking the needed frame equivalence.
Rotating a container with water, he observed the radial forces
manifest by the concave water surface. Comparing the
stationary and transitional kinematical states, he reliably
excluded the force dependence on the container rotation, but
referred it to the undetermined wider surroundings. In the
absence of the precise answer, he assumed a unique and rigid
cosmic frame. Not being theoretically determined nor
practically confirmed, this frame is the subject for the further
reexamination.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Looking for a better solution, E. Mach asked the known
double question. Would the water surface shape be influenced
by the more massive container, or even by the rotating
cosmos? The former part suggested the hierarchy and
fractional sum of more local frames, but latter one expected
the equivalence of the two extreme frames, already denied by
Newton. However, the known fact calls in question the former
thesis at least. The forces acting on its satellites do not depend
on the rotation of Earth, as the container carrying their orbits
around Sun.</p>
<p class="art-para">
A similar result Faraday obtained in electrodynamics.
Rotating a conducting disc in the front of cylindrical magnet,
he noticed the kinetic induction [1] between the sliding
contacts placed in the center and rim of the disc (Fig. 2).
However, the magnet rotation was ineffective at all, so that
the common rotation gave the same former result. Touching
the magnet by the contacts directly, its conducting body took
over the role of the disc, with the same induction. Alike the
celestial case, this one does not satisfy the relativity. Unlike
the former example, not strictly reconsidered, this one can be
explained.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f002">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpsr-117-f002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">
Figure 2. Faraday&#8217;s kinetic induction
The relativity here concerns the difference of the kinetic
and dynamic inductions (1). The former of them is ascribed to
the object motion (v) through the present magnetic field (B).</p>
<p class="art-para">
The speed of the causing electricity is implicitly contained in
the field expression. On the other hand, the speed (U) of the
field itself determines the dynamic induction.</p>
<p class="art-para">
v &#215; B + B &#215; U = (v &#8211; U) &#215; B (1)</p>
<p class="art-para">
However, the objects and domains of appearance of the
two inductions essentially distinguish. Unlike the kinetic
induction affecting the moving electricity only, dynamic one
affects all the present electricity. Moreover, the former
induction concerns all the object motion perpendicular to the
field, but latter one is also conditioned by the field gradient [1]:</p>
<p class="art-para">
∇ &#215; E = U · ∇B = &#8211; &#8706;B/&#8706;t (2)</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f003">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpsr-117-f003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">

Figure 3 compares the two EM inductions. The current in
the central conductor is followed by the circular magnetic
field. The transverse motion of a parallel or perpendicular
object conductor causes the kinetic induction. Such motion of
the carrier, along the field gradient, causes the dynamic
induction in the parallel objects only. In the transverse (or
circular directions Fig. 2), the field gradient equals to naught.
Similar relation may be ascribed to the gravitation on the
celestial orbits. The field rotations transverse to their gradients
are irrelevant.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Light Propagation</p>
<p class="art-para">
All waves, from the mechanical, via sound up to EM ones,
as the medium disturbances, propagate at the speeds
determined by the elasticity and inertia of respective media
[1]. Unlike the former two waves, concerning matter consisting
of the particles, the last wave type also propagates through
the vacuum medium. Though not explain this medium, the
waves demand its existence. The addition of matter, increasing
the medium density, causes the slower propagation. The
explanations of various physical forces [2] finally rely on
respective media. Though light consists of photons, as the
energetic particles, it propagates at the wave speed,
determined by Maxwell&#8217;s relation (9b). The negation of
vacuum medium &#8211; by special relativity, does not offer any
other explanation of the above phenomena. The propagation
of each disturbance is referred to the medium, irrespective of
motion of passive observers or their instruments.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The same speed of light relative to the moving devices, or
to their formal frames and passive observers, cannot be
understood nor explained. Michelson&#8217;s result, just being
referred to Earth, can be generalized to the other celestial
bodies, but not at all to the arbitrary (inertial) frames. Apart
from such the exaggerated generalization of the result, this
opinion may be also conditioned by some cosmic relations
[3]. Owing to the cosmic expansion, two bodies are mutually
moving away at the speed (v) proportional with their distance.
Despite this fact, the light starts from its emitter, propagates
through space and arrives to the detector at the same speed
(c) &#8211; relative to the local surroundings. In fact, it propagates
accelerating in relation to both mentioned devices: from the
speed c up to c + v, or from c &#8211; v up to c, respectively. The
apparent difficulty is thus exceeded.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Doppler&#8217;s effects, at motion of the signal emitter or
detector (3), respectively, strictly obey the frames connected
to the local media. The ratios of the propagated and emitted
frequencies &#8211; in the former, or of the detected and propagated
ones &#8211; in latter cases, accord with the ratios of respective
speed pairs [3]. If the two relative speeds, (c &#8211; u) & (c &#8211; v), were
equal to the absolute one (c), these two effects could not
arise. At common motion of the two devices, the two effects
compensate each other, with the detected equal to emitted
frequencies. The same result arises at opposite motion of the
medium, irrespective of the propagation itself corrected for
the medium speed.</p>
<p class="art-para">
wc /wu = c/(c &#8211; u) wv /wc
 = (c &#8211; v)/c (3)</p>
<p class="art-para">
However, at light propagating through running water
Fizeau obtained the result (4), dependent on the factor k, as
the ratio of the material and total field components [1,2].
Apart from the slower propagation, the frame is drawn in the
direction (v) of the water flow, as the moving material stratum.</p>
<p class="art-para">
c = co/er + kv k = P/D = 1 &#8211; 1/er (4)</p>
<p class="art-para">
The similar Faraday&#8217;s effect, twisting the polarization of
light propagating along magnetic field lines, is caused by
circulation of the static (F), in the form of kinetic (A) potentials.
The former of them plays the role of the moving stratum.</p>
<p class="art-para">
A = emVF ∇·A = &#8211; em&#8706;F/&#8706;t (5)</p>
<p class="art-para">
The factor of the frame draw in the cosmic space may be
similarly determined. Apart from the slower propagation in
the present gravitation, the frame draw is determined by the
ratio of the moving and dominant potentials.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Though applied in practice, the direct negation of the
arbitrary orientation by Sagnac&#8217;s effect is ignored in the
theory. Namely, two opposite light beams, propagating along
the perimeter of a rotating figure, give the evident phase
difference, according to the different relative speeds of light.
This effect is multiplied by application of a solenoidal light
conductor, instead of the figure perimeter. Such device is
applied for registration of the angular airplane deviation,
instead of the mechanical gyroscope. The references of the
observer, in a resting laboratory or the rotating airplane, do
not at all influence the result. This practical argument exceeds
all the alleged relativistic proofs.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Transformations</p>
<p class="art-para">
The kinetic and dynamic inductions (1) added to the
central static field [1] give the summary field around a moving
charge (6). The longitudinal speed (V = v) of electric, and
transverse (U) &#8211; of magnetic fields, obey the principle of
relativity [1]. Alike the static field &#8211; at rest (E), the summary
result (E&#8217;) is also centrally symmetric, tending to naught
approaching the speed of light propagation. Apart from the
magnetic field not affecting resting objects, the axial dynamic
induction &#8211; subtracted from the radial static field, gives the
ellipsoidal result.</p>
<p class="art-para">
E&#8217; = E + (v &#8211; U) &#215; B = (1 &#8211; emu<sup>2</sup>
)E (6)</p>
<p class="art-para">
Missing the dynamic induction or understanding the
object-field motion (u = v &#8211; U), H. A Lorentz formulated the
summary force (7a). Expecting the similar and paralel magnetic
phenomena [1], the symmetric magnetic relation was
understood (7b), with the opposite mutual motion of magnetic
poles and electric field. In fact, these two equations express
the same relations, with the two equal and opposite mutual
speeds. Not only that the free magnetic poles do not exist [1],
but the field actions on the magnetic moments are essentially
distinct. Apart from the former conditional equation, latter
one is fictional.</p>
<p class="art-para">
E&#8217; = E + u &#215; B B&#8217; = B + emE &#215; u (7)</p>
<p class="art-para">
The inverted set (8,9) exchanges the causes and effects.
The opposite motion of the frame is understood. The set
determinant (8b), as the factor (6) restricted to the transverse
plane, points to the privileged frame, connected to the medium.
For the sake of the frame equivalence adopted in advance, this
value is arbitrarily distributed between the two sets: by 1/g in
each of them. The formal inversion only is thus kept.</p>
<p class="art-para">
E = (E&#8217; &#8211; u&#215;B&#8217;)/g<sup>2</sup> g<sup>2</sup>
 = 1 &#8211; emu<sup>2</sup> (8)</p>
<p class="art-para">
B = (B&#8217; &#8211; emE&#8217;&#215;u)/g<sup>2</sup> em = 1/c<sup>2</sup> (9)</p>
<p class="art-para">
This action implies the explicit negation of vacuum
medium at least. To push back the media, the product of the
two constants is usually substituted by the speed c (9b).</p>
<p class="art-para">
By the factor distribution, the transverse field components
(7) are arbitrarily increased, calling in question the
mathematical form of Maxwell&#8217;s equations. Owing to their
huge authority, the problem has been avoided by the
complementary deformations of the two remaining 4D axes,
longitudinal and temporal ones!! (10). The former relation
divides the position transformation (Fig. 4) by the factor g less
from unit, but latter one also transforms the time. Owing to
the limited relativity, these transformations are restricted to
the uniform rectilinear speed u, in relation to the still unknown
relevant reference frame!</p>
<p class="art-para">
x&#8217; = (x &#8211; ut)/g t&#8217; = (t &#8211; ux/c<sup>2</sup>
)/ g (10)</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f004">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpsr-117-f004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">


The equations (10) somehow distinguish lengths and
times in the two frames, depending on their mutual motion.
Not only that this dependence cannot be physically explained,
but lengths and times would depend on the speed, as their
ratio! Moreover, the lengths depend on a given time
beginning, as well as times &#8211; on the adopted frame position.
Unlike the time possibly calculated from the frame overlap,
the position of a chosen frame cannot be referred to any
privileged location. The relative time, dependent on the
object position &#8211; in the arbitrary frame, is undetermined!! Not
only that the reference frames are arbitrary, but represent the
mere mental constructs. There is not any logic by which their
mutual motion can influence lengths and times, irrespective
of any motion of the passive observers.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The ratio of the two equations (10) gives the relativistic
speed transformation (11). Here v & v&#8217; denote the object
speeds in the two frames, and u &#8211; their mutual motion. The
usual speed difference is here divided by the nominator less
from unit, thus being artificially increased. Applied to light &#8211; as
the object, this equation turns into the identity: c&#8217; = c. Following
through the sequence of inconsistencies, this is the pretext for
the same speed of light at all (inertial) frames. This opinion is
here already denied by the sequence of empirical facts.
v&#8217; = x&#8217;/t&#8217; = (v &#8211; u)/(1 &#8211; vu/c<sup>2</sup>
) (11)</p>
<p class="art-para">
Avoiding or exceeding all these speculations, Hobble&#8217;s
ratio of the distance and speed at the mutual motion away of
two celestial bodies just understands the unique cosmic time.
Some local times, deviating from the absolute one, are
theoretically inconceivable and practically impossible. The real
transformation of the position (Fig. 4), concerning the absolute
time, is the only acceptable alternative. Namely, the positions
of an object in the two frames differ no more or less but for the
mutual distance covered after the initial frame overlap. In the
unique space and time, this is the only reasonable relation.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
General Relativity</p>
<p class="art-para">
Despite the sequence of formal inconsistencies above
clearly presented, the restriction to a uniform rectilinear
motion is the unique declared difficulty of special relativity.
Alike inertia being generalized to the force action, Einstein
tried to generalize his special to general theories. After some
wander through chaotic speculations, he lost from view the
initial problem. Owing to the kinetic and dynamic forces out
of relativity, he returned to the static laws. On the basis of
their possible balance, inertia is reduced to gravitation!? The
radial field around a body is copied into the super-spherical
space, along t-axis.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Alike gravitation projected on a slope, it itself is thus
treated as the similar projection of some super-force acting
from the cosmic center (Fig. 5). The field around a body is
illustrated by the spatial curvature, as the local deformation of
space, in the form of the funnel. At the interstellar space of the
regular spatial curvature, such the projection equals to naught.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f005">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpsr-117-f005.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">

Without any valid criteria, this concept is widely taken as
the theory of gravitation. In the equivalent form, it speaks
nothing about the essence of gravitation, but only further
mystifies this phenomenon. If the formal mistakes and/or
inconsistencies be excluded, there is no any reason by which its
results will differ from the classical ones. At least accidentally,
this analogy announces the radial cosmic expansion along
temporal axis [3], irrespective of the red shift lately noticed.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Albert Einstein</p>
<p class="art-para">
In these times failing in the authorities of any kind, Einstein
is an unquestionable scientific authority, if not in general, then
in the modern physics at least. Instead of the resort to the
praise, a brief and unbiased, as much as possible adequate
valorization of his scientific contributions need be here
presented. Avoiding unnecessary repetitions, the arguments
rely on the above text and its references, also having in view
the scientific criteria. Unlike majority of the other scientists,
being famous concerning their unquestionable contributions,
Einstein is celebrated with respect to his controversial views.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Apart from the photo-electric effect, Einstein deserved
the leading position by the three ideas at least: the fourth
dimension, curvilinear space and equation: w = mc<sup>2</sup>
. Although
the former two ideas were not originally his, Einstein
emphasized and affirmed them self-confidentially. The
indirect and complicated derivation of his equation seems to
be accidental, resulted from the random formal procedures.
Apart from the considerable simplification of this derivation, a
direct its inference has been also presented in [2]. Not only
that this equation is thus affirmed, but its convincing
interpretation is finally enabled.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Unfortunately, none of the three mentioned ideas or
results had been fully elaborated and applied by Einstein. At
least in principle, the fourth axis is directly colliding with
relative time. According to the tensor form of Maxwell&#8217;s
equations [1], time is a real metrical axis. The probable
restriction of the medium of light to the spatial gravitation
excludes its temporal propagation. The relative time calls in
questions its physical sense and reality. Not only that this
concept is fantastic and arbitrary, but cannot be argued by
any physical reason. At least some of its contradictions are
here already clearly presented.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The idea of curvilinear cosmic space has been also
unfinished. Though the Riemannian frame excludes the
surrounding cosmic background [3], the modern cosmologists
understand it. Even the surrounding cosmoses are expected
in the background thus tacitly predicted. This inconsistency of
the followers, not trying to finalize Einstein&#8217;s principal ideas,
may be understood: the famous authorities would not make
logical mistakes or give incomplete ideas. His equation has
not been interpreted so far. Instead of its undefined
application, it can be ascribed to the massive particles, unlike
similar Plank&#8217;s relation for photons.</p>
<p class="art-para">
At least a part of Einstein&#8217;s fame relies on the arbitrary
spatial orientation, as the main his failure. It implies the same
speeds of light at all so called inertial reference frames,
declared equivalent by the principle of relativity. Without
sufficient vision of physical processes, as the corrective
criterion, the formal calculations are prone to various mistakes
or inconsistencies. In the final instance, the relativities of
lengths and times are unacceptable at all. As the needed
condition for these views, the vacuum medium had been
explicitly negated. Imposed by the authority, this view still
hinders the further development.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Let us also emphasize some Einstein&#8217;s methodological
errors, mainly reducible to typical inconsistencies. Such is the
arbitrary substitution of two similar math expressions by their
geometric average. The average of two Doppler&#8217;s effects he
applied to the cosmic red shift of light [3]. The opposite signs
in the two field tensors he substituted by the imaginary unit
[1]. In the opposite sense, the set determinant (8b) has been
distributed between the two sets. The parallel EM phenomena
(7b) were already understood. By the explicit negation of the
medium, Einstein imposed the kinematical relativity.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The incomplete or doubtful principal views may be added.
Apart from the static interactions, the relativity can be applied
to the special cases of some distinct forces. Concerning two
Mach&#8217;s ideas, Einstein chose the frame equivalence as the
worst one. The unexplained kinetic induction was neglected.
The lengths and times dependent on the moving observers
fail in any explanation. The dependence of the relative time
on the adopted spatial frame has not been noticed even by
the numerous opponents!? The wide acceptance of relativity
is not strictly founded, but imposed in the absence of the
competent critiques.</p>
<p class="art-para">
By mess of the notions, Einstein confused the opponents.
He substituted the two EM constants by the abstract speed of

light, thus pushing back a vacuum medium at least. The
absolute light propagation through the medium, irrespective
of the instruments and observers, he substituted by the
invariant relative speed. The temporal cosmic process,
independent of the transverse spatial motion [3], he ascribed
to the light propagation in a given spatial direction. The same
speeds of light in the local cosmic situations imposed the
additional confusion. All these facts taken together made the
full mess in the theory.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Substitution of some theses is also frequent. The ellipsoidal
electric field deformation around a moving charge, caused by
the longitudinal dynamic induction [1], he ascribed to the
increased transverse fields, by distribution of the factor g. The
incomplete medium draw by the running water he ascribed to
the relativistic speed transformation. Instead of the stronger
structural stability, the shorter lives of speedy mesons are
ascribed to the relative time. The two former cases at least do
not obey the numerical relations. In the final instance, there
cannot be even enumerate all Einstein&#8217;s inconsistencies.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Results</p>
<p class="art-para">
The relativity, as a postulate, is valid for the static forces
only. Owing to various reasons, it cannot be applied to the
kinetic and dynamic processes. The relativities of distinct
physical forces are restricted to the special technical situations.
The same speed of light in a class of the frames, implied by
the relativity principle and additional inconsistencies, cannot
be anyhow understood nor explained. The generalization of
the local to arbitrary orientation is exaggerated.</p>
<p class="art-para">
A sequence of the wave effects somehow contradicts to
the relativistic views. At least one of them directly denies the
arbitrary orientation of light. The navigational system (GPS)
could not take into account the relativistic views.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The relativistic transformations are founded on the
sequence of theoretical mistakes and inconsistencies. The
dependence of the relative time on the adopted spatial frame
is especially unacceptable and must be refuted forever.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Imposing relativity of lengths and times, the special
theory lost from view the orientation. Reducing gravitation to
geometry, the general theory did not generalize special one.
These two theories only mystify the physical relations.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Not only that the restriction to so called inertial frames
has not been exceeded, but its definition understands in
advance a relevant reference frame. Going into the opposite
direction, this opinion terminates in the local orientation.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Starting from the unique (absolute) reference &#8211; as the
thesis, and arbitrary orientation &#8211; as antithesis, Mach&#8217;s local
orientation in relation to the predominant material
surroundings &#8211; as the synthesis, satisfies all the practical
situations.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">
Between Earth and Sun, Copernicus chose the latter
referent body. Newton similarly preferred the wider
surroundings to the water container. Amongst the two Mach&#8217;s
theses, of the local or arbitrary orientation, Einstein took the
latter one. Not only that the orientation is thus overlooked,
but disabled. The remaining local orientation, relative to a
dominant mass, with some draw of the frame by other masses,
satisfies all the practical situations. Although the rotation of
Earth does not influence the satellites, its revolution firmly
carries their orbits around Sun.</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">

References</p>
<ol>

<li class="ref"><div id="1">Miskovic BV. Foundation of Electrodynamics. Int J Phys Stud Res. 2023; 4(1): 98-103. doi: 10.18689/ijpsr-1000116
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref1"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">Miskovic BV. Unity of Physics. Int J of Theor and Math Physics. 2024; 2(1).
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref2"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3">Miskovic BV. Curvilinear Cosmology. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophysics. 2023; 5(2): 231-236. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000143
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref3"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="4">Mi&#353;kovi&#263; B. A Brief Review of Special Relativity. Int J of Theor and Math Physics. 2019; 9(2): 36-40. doi: 10.5923/j.ijtmp-20190902.02&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref4"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
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