���� JFIF  XX �� �� �     $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222�� ��" �� 4     ��   �� �,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu��� #ډb���_�N� ?� �wQ���5-�~�I���8��� �TK<5o�Iv-� ����k�_U_����� ~b�M��d��� �Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F� ?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt� �=||I �� 6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9�� �Y�8 ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6� z<�v��@]�i% �� $j��~ �g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[�� �� s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP� 3.DB�li�;� �hj���x 7Z^�N�h��� ���N3u{�:j �x�힞��#M &��jL P@ _���� P�� &��o8 ������9 �����@Sz 6�t7#O�ߋ � s}Yf�T� ��lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p ����w\�T ȯ?�8` �O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊�� �3m&L�=��h3� ���z~��#� \�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO��� 6�֚l���� }��� R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b�� ;N�1�m�r$� |��7�>e�@ B�TM*-i H��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a ��Ҿ���� t4��� o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0 �����:�n,j WiE��W� �$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S�� ��VN;� }�s?.����� w �9��˟<���Mq4�Wv' ��{)0�1mB ��V����W[� ����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� p g�N�&ݝ� �VO~� q���u���9� ����!��J27��� �$ O-���! �: �%H��� ـ ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������ t<����è :a�� ����[���� �ա�H���~��w��Qz`�p o�^ �� ��Q��n�  �,uu�C� $ ^���,� �����8�#��:�6��e�|~� ��!�3� 3.�\0�� q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�< ���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y� |�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp �Ig�� ��4��l�OD� ��L����� R���c���j�_�uX 6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@ �~a�`��Eu������ +� �� 6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�Yr G�X��kG�� ���l^w�� �~㒶sy� �Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT ��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2�� #I/�׍qz��^t�̔��� b�Yz4x ���t�){ OH� �+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC�� '���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�| Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^� "�����Z?ȕ ��a< �L�!0 39C� �Eu� C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf�� �M}7����]��� �s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P ���ʇ Z O-��~�� c>"��?�� �����P ��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠 �䧘��_%#r�>� 1�z�a�� eb��qcP ѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�` ��V��� A{�C:�g���e@ �w1 Xp 3�c3�ġ���� p��M"'-�@n4���fG� �B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� � ��8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`�� �?��K� ���QK�d ����B`�s}�>���` ��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*� ���弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6 �q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ 3XΛex�46�� �Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,� �G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT ���ڹ�����; Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J � ⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ� +E��d ��r�5�_D �1 �� o�� �B�x�΢�#� ��<��W�����8���R6�@ g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@ x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd ��3�eO�6�㣷�� ���ݜ 6��6Y��Qz`�� S��{���\P �~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu� b�]�ϔ ���'�� ����f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��h v�E� w���T�l ��P� ��"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u� )]կ��� ��7x�� �s�M�-<ɯ�c��r� v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a�� �'����>x��O\�Z Fu>��� ��ck#��&:��`�$ �ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h� �lE�ܺ�Π k:)���` �� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|��� 8}������ބ:��񶐕� �I�A1/� =�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b ��� ~� �݊��}34q��� �d�E��L c��$ ��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B � z���r�p J�ru%v\h 1Y�ne` ǥ:g�� �pQM~�^� Xi� ��`S�:V2 9.�P���V� ?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekP ؠ�\� ;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP��� �\� `����E=���@K<�Y�� �eڼ�J ���w����{av�F�'�M�@ /J��+9p ���|]���� �Iw &` ��8���& M�hg ��[�{ ��Xj�� %��Ӓ� $��(��� �ʹN��� <>�I���RY� ��K2�NPlL�ɀ )��&e� ���B+ь����( � �JTx ���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI� n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G& Ú����2 g�}&m� �?ċ �"����Om#� ������� � ��{� ON��"S�X ��Ne��ysQ���@ Fn��Vg��� dX�~nj� ]J�<�K]: ��FW�� b�������62 �=��5f����JKw� �bf�X� 55��~J �%^� ���:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v��� g�8�1��f2 4;�V���ǔ�)��� �9���1\�� c��v�/'Ƞ�w����� ��$�4�R-��t�� �� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃���� ��A��20�c# �� @    0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq���   � ���^7ׅ,$n� ������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������ 5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\��� O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;�� ����S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{� ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u� !��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� � ��D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v��� ��멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$� JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4� [�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ� dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il� �d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J� �oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.��� 3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R =X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N��� ��#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%�� �JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$ I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$�� �L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����) �H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>� dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\� y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~�� ����Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7� �ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz�� )�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!) '��8Ϣ�ٔ� �ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'� L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���( }��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3������� QT��a�� ��x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3� ,#c�co��q�a)*P t����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O��������� m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l� O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m� ��PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q� �����~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~� |,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@ l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)` 7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ��� �}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i���� >J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0 ��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q�� nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m ���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{ / �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B�� =��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H�� ��O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l�� ��l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac���� �\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6� ���N6�q�� ���� N    ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td��  ? � ��N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m��� m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4� ��r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0����� �u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ���� V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�� ���Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q� (v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9� �3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M��� �A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#y w��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa� ���Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N��� �*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]�� 陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv :��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WP w���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp �BGv[]�u�Ov��� 0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND ��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R�� � ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`( �>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG�� {+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/ ��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�> e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA� *M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f��� ��֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ�� �˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)� �h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~��� ��� G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W� I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��B S�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c� ��]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪ �\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W����� 6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}����� 6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@ �P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6��� ��m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw� k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ��� �mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e�� R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1 [y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN�� ĕ�� 0    !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������ ? � ��@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j �ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^� ��ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������ :�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0�� ;_�� 3     !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������ ? � �ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6�������� ��4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=� �?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{ E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)��� �I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a �84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b� �$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7� �k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 132.148.112.237  /  Your IP : 216.73.216.191
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux p3plmcpnl497166.prod.phx3.secureserver.net 4.18.0-553.54.1.lve.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Jun 4 13:01:13 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : m483e053zf9r ( 10082050)
PHP Version : 7.4.33
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : OFF  |  Pkexec : OFF
Directory :  /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/ijpr-1000139.php
<?php
$extpath="../";
include 'includes/jrnheader.php';
include 'includes/jrnleftfulltext-panel.php'; ?>
</div><!--end of leftpanel col-md-3-->
<div class="col-md-9 padding-top-15">
<ul class="nav nav-tabs" style="border-bottom: 0px;">
<li class="active"><a href="#articleinfo">Article Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Modeling Thermal Part of Sulfur Recovery Unit and Simulation Based Analysis of Effects of Air Temperature on Entire Plant</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Oguzhan Dogru<sup>1</sup>, Begum Guzel<sup>2</sup>, Gamze IS<sup>2</sup>, Gizem Kusoglu<sup>1</sup>, Mehmet Yagci<sup>1</sup>, Murat Kolbasi<sup>2</sup>, Gorkem Ogur<sup>2</sup> and Erdogan Alper<sup>3*</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl"><sup>1</sup>Turkish Petroleum Refineries Co. (T&#220;PRA&#350;), R&D Centre, GuneyMah. Petrol Cad, 41790, Korfez, Kocaeli, Turkey<br><sup>2</sup>Turkish Petroleum Refineries Co. (T&#220;PRA&#350;), Izmit Refinery, GuneyMah. Petrol Cad, 41790, Korfez, Kocaeli, Turkey<sup>3</sup>Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus Universiteler Mahallesi, 1596. Sok, 06800, Ankara, Turkey</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Erdogan Alper"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus Universiteler Mahallesi, 1596. Sok, Ankara, Turkey, E-mail: <a href="mailto:ealper@hacettepe.edu.tr">ealper@hacettepe.edu.tr</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> November 12, 2018 <b>Accepted:</b> November 29, 2018 <b>Published:</b> December 6, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Dogru O, Guzel B, Gamze IS, et al. ModelingThermal Part of Sulfur Recovery Unit and Simulation Based Analysis of Effects of Air Temperature on Entire Plant. <i>Int J Petrochem Res</i>. 2018; 2(3): 223-229. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000139">10.18689/ijpr-1000139</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000139.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">Sulfur in feedstocks are increasing steadily. Consequently, changes in regulations force industrial companies to operate Sulfur Recovery Units more efficiently. An industrial Sulfur Recovery Unit of TUPRAS, Turkey was modelled by Matlab by using simplified kinetics. Proposed model was validated with the industrial data of TUPRAS. The model represents the important species with minute deviation. According to the model proposed, conversion and recovery were found to be 65.24% and 86.88%, respectively; where they were calculated to be 64.91% and 82.72% in design case.</p>
<p class="art-para">Moreover, effects of air temperature were studied in this work. According to the simulation results, up to $13,200/year can be saved by removing preheating. Because carbon content is essential in gas mixture, effects of COS and CS<sub>2</sub> on catalytic part after this modification are found to be negligible in short term. This design change also increases the sulfur production by about 600 kg/day. On the other hand, amount of COS, CS<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S released from Selective Oxidation Reactor would be enhanced from 25 to 31 ppmmol, which increase overall SO<sub>2</sub> emission from incinerator.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Sulfur Recovery Unit, Modeling, Simulation</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">Oil refineries and gas plants process enormous amounts of feedstock to obtain valuable products such as; fuel for vehicles, raw material for petrochemical industry. Recent regulations forced these sectors to lower the sulfur ingredient of both products and waste streams <a href="#1" id="ref1">[1]</a>, significantly. On the other hand; beside their low cost, &#8220;opportunity crudes&#8221; with various compositions and increase in the sulfur content of the feed stocks
<a href="#2" id="ref2">[2]</a> became pain in the neck when it comes to processing the crude oil. Moreover, because of the developing technology and constant demand <a href="#3" id="ref3">[3]</a>, worldwide sulfur import and export values were halved in 4 years <a href="#4" id="ref4">[4</a>,<a href="#5" id="ref5">5]</a>. Above mentioned progresses faced companies to treat acid gas more effectively to reduce the emissions and operational costs.</p>
<p class="art-para">There are several methods; including catalytic, electrochemical processes <a href="#6" id="ref6">[6]</a>; to convert H<sub>2</sub>S into non-toxic derivations of sulfur. For industries with high capacity and high concentration, the most widely used technique is Claus Process, in which acid gas is passed through thermal and catalytic reactors to obtain elemental sulfur and steam. Figure 1 represents a Modified Claus Process Configuration <a href="#7" id="ref7">[7</a>-<a href="#15" id="ref15">15]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Thermal part is the first medium that mixture of effluent compounds pass through and consists of a thermal reactor (TR) and a waste heat boiler (WHB). Thermal reactor breaks down most of the waste gas; including mainly H<sub>2</sub>S, NH<sub>3</sub>, water, and essentially mercaptans, paraffins, olefins, carbondioxide and other inert gases; at that point temperature may elevate up to 1500K and HP steam is obtained by means of WHB. Meanwhile, acid gas becomes extremely corrosive and leads cracks within the refractory. And the consequences may be catastrophic. On the other hand, temperature is one of the most critical parameters because it regulates the kinetics and is able to shift conversion towards both sides. Composition is another parameter that affect the products and hence, emissions. And finally, steam obtained from WHB is used in heat exchangers and electricity production. There by, it is economically beneficial to control and increase the energy efficiency. Summing these up, importance of modeling thermal part becomes undeniable <a href="#16" id="ref16">[16</a>-<a href="#28" id="ref28">28]</a>.p After, acid gas proceeds towards catalytic part, in which substitution and hydrolysis processes are observed on Titania or Alumina catalysts unlike thermal part, in which oxidation processes take place without any catalyst. Catalytic part consists of two or three catalytic beds connected in series, generally. Some plants may have further treatment units in order to meet the demand of strict environmental regulations, which limit H<sub>2</sub>S conversion to minimum of 99% levels. These additional systems are told to enhance the sulfur recovery more than 99.9%. At the end, remaining gas is moved to incinerator to destroy S-containing molecules (e.g. COS, CS<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S) into SO<sub>2</sub>. SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> formed are released to atmosphere.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">H<sub>2</sub>S conversion in these parts can be shown as:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">During reaction (1), 1/3 of H<sub>2</sub>S is converted into SO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">In reaction (2), 2/3 of H<sub>2</sub>S combines with SO<sub>2</sub> produced to form elemental sulfur.</p>
<p class="art-para">In the TR, pressure range isabout1.80 kg-f/cm2 and temperature varies between 1300-1500K in order to destroy undesired molecules but the refractory.</p>
<p class="art-para">To maintain sufficient sulfur recovery, lower emissions and produce higher energy within certain limitations while considering safety and sustainability, the system should be operated carefully. A reliable model is necessary to reflect the characteristics of the processes. Modeling is also crucial for human and equipment safety, to study capacity status and to investigate environmental impacts.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Modeling Thermal Part</p>
<p class="art-para">Elements of thermal part are thermal reactor, waste heat boiler and sulfur condenser. Inlet streams are acid gas (AG), gas from sour water stripper (SWS) and air. AG comes from Amine Gas Treatment Unit and is composed mainly of H<sub>2</sub>S (>90%). SWS gas contains 40% H<sub>2</sub>S, 40% NH<sub>3</sub> and 20% H<sub>2</sub>O. AG and SWS is mixed before being fed to the furnace. Air can be enriched by oxygen supply. In this work, air is not enriched and carries 21% O<sub>2</sub>. table 1 shows the properties of inlet streams of one of SRUs in TUPRAS, Izmit Refinery.</p>
<p class="art-para">Reactor was modelled by using Fourth Order Runge-Kutta Method by assuming;</p>
<ul class="art-para" style="margin-left:40px">
<li> Steady state process,</li>
<li> Fully developed turbulent and plug flow regime (due to high flow rate),</li>
<li> Ideal gas mixture (due to high temperature, low pressure),</li>
<li> Adiabatic reactor (due to furnace refractory),</li>
<li> Absence of radial transport,</li>
<li> Absence of fouling.</li>
</ul>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-t001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Mass balance for PFR for each component i(i=1:N) is:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Energy balance for PFR is:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e005.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-e006.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">For equation 6, <img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-te001.gif"/></p>
<p class="art-para">Model results for the composition of important species and temperature profile within the reactor are shown in figure
2 and figure 3, respectively.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">According to figure 2 (a), most of the H<sub>2</sub>S is oxidized then combined with SO<sub>2</sub> to yield S<sub>2</sub>. As by product, H<sub>2</sub>O is formed. figure 2 (b) shows that all of the NH<sub>3</sub> is reacted to N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>. According to figure 3, Temperature rises immediately at the very beginning of the reactor, due to highly exothermic reactions. After a while, temperature declines smoothly due to endothermic reactions. This temperature decrease enhances combination (e.g. COS formation) reactions.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-t002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-t003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para"><b>Validation</b></p>
<p class="art-para">Simulation results of molar flow rates were compared with the design data of the Izmit Refinery, Tupras.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">figure 4 represents important molecules that are present at the outlet of the reaction furnace in column chart. At the first glance, H<sub>2</sub>S and SO<sub>2</sub> deviate from their design values. H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>2</sub> are consistent with the design values with small deviations. Finally, it can be seen that all of the NH<sub>3</sub> is converted to N<sub>2</sub> as expected. All of the hydrocarbons are consumed and flow rates of COS and CS<sub>2</sub> are found to be less than 0.2 kmol/h, which are negligible compared to above mentioned ones. Thereby, they were not shown in figures. The deviations are because of simplified reaction mechanisms and are negligible in practical perspective.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Effects of Inlet Air Temperature</p>
<p class="art-para">Temperature is one of the most important parameters for Sulfur Recovery Process. It directly affects the kinetics and equilibrium. On the other hand, energy consumption and production can be altered with simple modifications. Air feed (Air<sub>0</sub>)is heated from 90&#176;C upto 210&#176;C and split into two streams; one (Air<sub>1</sub>) is for Reaction Furnace, other one(Air<sub>2</sub>)for Selective Oxidation Process, as shown in (Figure 5).</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f005.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Unlike the other SRUs, this unit has heat integration: HP steam obtained from WHB is used to preheat the air. Effects of this heating process is investigated in next sections for entire plant</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Reaction Furnace Temperature</b></p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f006.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">figure 6 shows that reaction furnace temperature increases as air temperature increases. That is because internal energy of the molecules approaches towards the activation energy.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Sulfur Production</b></p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f007.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">According to Figure 7, change in overall sulfur production is less than 1 ton between 90 and 260&#176;C. Because the sulfur prices are about $50/t, varying temperature does not have a significant impact from financial perspective.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Catalysts</b></p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f008.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">As can be seen from Figure 8 increasing air temperature augments COS and CS<sub>2</sub> production, slightly. This increase may not affect the catalysts in short term.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Environmental Impacts</b></p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f009.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The regulations limits mainly SO<sub>2</sub> emission. (Figure 9) shows that increasing air temperature from 120 to 260 &#176;C decreases emissions 23%. This cumulative emission value is read on the stream before the incinerator. Because COS, CS<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S molecules are oxidized to SO<sub>2</sub>, and they are considered as pollutants; they have to be controlled carefully.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Energy</b></p>
<p class="art-para">figure 5 shows that air is preheated by using HP steam obtained from WHB. Net power after the preheating process (Q<sub>in</sub>-Q<sub>out</sub>) is investigated in this section. The result is shown in (Figure 10).</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f010.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
According to figure 10, net power decreases as temperature increases. That is because Air<sub>0</sub>
is heated completely but used partially (as Air<sub>1</sub>
) to yield energy. This means, heat is obtained as HP steam, only because of Reaction Furnace, not of Selective Oxidation Reactor. And Air<sub>2</sub>
 is heated unnecessarily. This circumstance is investigated in the next section, in more detail.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>
Effect of Selective Oxidation Reactor (SOR) on Energy Consumption</b></p>
<p class="art-para">According to previous section, it was shown that air consumes more energy than it actually generates via combustion reactions. That is due to air is completely warmed up but only partially used in furnace, rest is fed to Selective Oxidation Reactor. In this part, comparison between heating the air completely and partially is performed.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f011.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Figure 11 shows the impact of selective oxidation reactor. At the first glance, it can be seen that increasing air temperature enhances &#8220;Net Power Gap&#8221;. That is because a part of Air<sub>0</sub>
 is heated unnecessarily. At 210&#176;C, about 150,000
kJ/h power can be saved by de-attaching Air<sub>2</sub>
 stream from the preheater. By assuming 90% of harvest efficiency, and using average HP steam value of the unit, $5200 can be saved per year if the SOR is de-attached from the preheater. (Figures 12
and 13) show two possible configurations to save energy. table 4 summarizes the results of these possibilities.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f012.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f013.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div><br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-f014.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Figure 14 shows that increasing temperature decreases the emissions (that go towards the incinerator), which are oxidized into SO<sub>2</sub>. Changing configuration from design case into Case 2 (not preheating Air<sub>2</sub>) increases the emissions about 2 ppmmol at design temperature. Details are given in (Table 4).</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijpr-139-t004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">(Table 4) shows the results of possible configurations. It is possible to save $5.2k/year by de-attaching Air<sub>2</sub>
 stream from the preheater and $13.2k/year by removing preheating system completely. On the other hand, these operations slightly increase S-containing molecules that are going to be oxidized to SO<sub>2</sub>
. Meanwhile, sulfur production do not change significantly. According to simulation results, without preheating (shown in Figure 13), RF temperature decreases as expected.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">Sulfur content of the crude oils is increasing. Recent developments in the sulfur processing has decreased the sulfur prices. Regulations are becoming stricter for both sulfur contents in fuel and emissions during treatment processes. These circumstances force companies to operate refineries more efficiently.</p>
<p class="art-para">In this work, a Sulfur Recovery Unit of TUPRAS refinery was modelled by using simplified kinetics. The model predicts the composition of important molecules with minor error values. Furthermore, a simulation performed in order to investigate the effects of air temperature for entire plant. Air temperature was found to have a positive relation with COS and CS<sub>2</sub>
 flow rates towards the first catalytic reactor. However; due to low concentration, this incline can be neglected in short term. On the other hand, increasing air temperature decreases emissions, sulfur production and net power obtained by means of WHB.</p>
<p class="art-para">A close research was performed upon the air preheating system and 2 configurations other than the design case was proposed. Regarding to these suggestions, sulfur production as well as concentration of the S-containing molecules may be enhanced slightly by decreasing the temperature of the feed air. By removing preheating system entirely, up to
$13.2k/year can be saved whilst increasing emissions, slightly. For the sake of simplicity, reverse was not shown (i.e. preheating air much more), however emissions can be decreased by increasing the air temperature. In that case, RF temperature must be considered carefully.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Acknowledgement</p>
<p class="art-para">This research was conducted in R&D Center of Turkish Petroleum Refineries Corporation (TUPRAS), Turkey.</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">References</p>
<ol>
<li class="ref"><div id="1">Barthe P, Chaugny M, Roudier S, Sancho LD. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/best-available-techniques-bat-reference-document-refining-mineral-oil-and-gas-industrial" target="_blank">Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas, Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU</a>. <i>European Commision</i>. 2015.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref1"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">Gary JH, Handwerk GE, Kaiser MJ. <a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Petroleum-Refining-Technology-and-Economics-Fifth-Edition/Gary-Handwerk-Kaiser/p/book/9780849370380" target="_blank">Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics</a>. 5<sup>th</sup> Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849370380. 2007.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref2"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3">Ravikumar A, Raj A, Ibrahim S, Rahman RK, Al Shoaibi A. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01549" target="_blank">Kinetic Simulations of H<sub>2</sub>
 Production from H<sub>2</sub>S Pyrolysis in Sulfur Recovery Units Using a Detailed Reaction Mechanism</a>. <i>Energy & Fuels</i>. 2016; 30(12): 10823-10834. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01549&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref3"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="4">Argus World Sulphur Outlook to 2030&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref4"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="5"><a href="http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/138/5/1299.abstract" target="_blank">Recovered Sulfur Prices</a>. Accessed by April 8, 2014.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref5"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="6">Mao Z, Anani A, White RE, Srinivasan S, Appleby AJ. A modified electrochemical process for the decomposition of hydrogen sulfide in an aqueous alkaline solution. <i>Electrochem Soc</i>. 1991; 138(5): 1299-303. doi: 10.1149/1.2085775&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref6"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="7">Howboldt KA. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1998.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref7"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="8">Monnery WD, Hawboldt KA, Pollock A, Svrcek WY. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250900001469" target="_blank">New experimental data and kinetic rate expression for the Claus reaction</a>. Chemical Engineering Science</i>. 2000; 55(21): 5141-5148. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00146-9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref8"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="9">Karan K, Behie LA. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231371398_CS2_Formation_in_the_Claus_Reaction_Furnace_A_Kinetic_Study_of_Methane-Sulfur_and_Methane-Hydrogen_Sulfide_Reactions" target="_blank">CS<sub>2</sub>
 Formation in the Claus Reaction Furnace: A Kinetic Study of Methane-Sulfur and Methane-Hydrogen Sulfide Reactions</a>. <i>Ind. Eng.Chem.Res</i>. 2004; 43(13): 3304-3313. doi: 10.1021/ie030515&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref9"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="10">Dryer FL, Westbrook CK. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00102208108946970?journalCode=gcst20" target="_blank">Simplified Reaction Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Hydrocarbon Fuels in Flames</a>. <i>Combustion Science and Technology</i>. 1981; 27(1-2): 31-43. doi: 10.1080/00102208108946970&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref10"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="11">Turns SR, Holman JP, Lloyd J. <a href="https://www.amazon.in/Introduction-Combustion-Concepts-Applications/dp/0073380199" target="_blank">An Introduction to Combustion Concepts and Applications</a>. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill, Singapore, 2000. 156-159.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref11"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="12">Karan K, Mehrotra AK, Behie LA. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9802966" target="_blank">COS-Forming Reaction between CO and Sulfur: A High-Temperature Intrinsic Kinetics Study</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. 1998; 37(12): 4609-4616. doi: 10.1021/ie9802966&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref12"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="13">Monnery WD, Hawboldt KA, Pollock AE, Svrcek WY. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie990764r" target="_blank">Ammonia pyrolysis and oxidation in the Claus furnace</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. 2001; 40(1): 144-
151. doi: 10.1021/ie990764r&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref13"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="14">Clark PD, Dowling NI, Huang M, Svrcek WY, Monnery WD. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie990871l" target="_blank">Mechanisms of CO and COS formation in the Claus furnace</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. 2001; 40(2): 497-508. doi: 10.1021/ie990871&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref14"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="15">Davis SG, Joshi AV, Wang H, Egolfopoulos F. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0082078404003054" target="_blank">An optimized kinetic model of H<sub>2</sub>/CO combustion</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Combustion Institute</i>. 2005; 30(1): 1283-1292. doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref15"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="16">Ghahraloud H, Farsi M, Rahimpour MR. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876107017300901" target="_blank">Modeling and optimization of an industrial Claus process: Thermal and catalytic section</a>. <i>Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers</i>. 2017; 76: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.005&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref16"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="17">Jones D, Bhattacharyya D, Turton R, Zitney SE. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie201713n" target="_blank">Rigorous Kinetic Modeling and Optimization Study of a Modified Claus Unit for an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant with CO<sub>2</sub> Capture</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. 2012; 51(5): 2362-2375. doi: 10.1021/ie201713n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref17"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="18">Karan K, Mehrotra AK, Behie LA. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250998004758" target="_blank">A high-temperature experimental and modeling study of homogeneous gas-phase COS reactions applied to Claus plants</a>. <i>Chemical Engineering Science</i>. 1999; 54(15-16): 2999-3006. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(98)00475-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref18"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="19">Kazempour H, Pourfayaz F, Mehrpooya M. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1875510016309386" target="_blank">Modeling and multioptimization of thermal section of Claus process based on kinetic model</a>. <i>Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering</i>. 2017; 38: 235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.12.038&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref19"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="20">Manenti F, Papasidero D, Bozzano G, Ranzi E. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135414000313" target="_blank">Model-based optimization of sulfur recovery units</a>. <i>Computers and Chemical Engineering</i>. 2014; 66: 244-251. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2014.01.019&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref20"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="21">Manenti F, Papasidero D, Frassoldati A, Bozzano G, Pierucci S, Ranzi E. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135413001932" target="_blank">Multi-scale modeling of Claus thermal furnace and waste heat boiler using detailed kinetics</a>. <i>Computers and Chemical Engineering</i>. 2013; 59: 219-225.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref21"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="22">Mansha M, Saleemi AR, Ghauri BM. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003995309600244" target="_blank">Kinetic models of natural gas combustion in an internal combustion engine</a>. <i>Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry</i>. 2010; 19(1): 6-14. doi: 10.1016/S1003-9953(09)60024-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref22"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="23">Nabikandi NJ, Fatemi S. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X15001586" target="_blank">Kinetic modelling of a commercial sulfur recovery unit based on Claus straight through process: Comparison with equilibrium model</a>. <i>Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry</i>. 2015; 30: 50-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.001&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref23"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="24">Pahlavan M, Fanaei MA. <a href="http://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_13828.html" target="_blank">Modeling and Simulation of Claus Unit Reaction Furnace</a>. <i>Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology</i>. 2016; 5(1): 42-52.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref24"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="25">Pollock AE. Kinetic Modeling of the Modified Claus Reaction Furnace. 2012.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref25"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="26">Sayed AER, Ashour I, Gadalla M. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876217303283" target="_blank">Integrated process development for an optimum gas processing plant</a>. <i>Chemical Engineering Research and Design</i>. 2017; 124: 114-123. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.05.031&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref26"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="27">Zarei S, Ganji H, Sadi M, Rashidzadeh M. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431116306627" target="_blank">Thermo-kinetic modeling and optimization of the sulfur recovery unit thermal stage</a>. <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. 2016; 103: 1095-1104. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.012&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref27"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="28">Zughbi HD, Razzak SA. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie050412m" target="_blank">Simulation of flow and chemical reactions in a claus sulfur converter</a>. <i>Ind. Eng. Chem. Res</i>. 2005; 44(26): 9828-9839. doi: 10.1021/ie050412m&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref28"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div><!--end of row-->
</div><!--end of container-body-->
</div>
</div><!--end of content-area-->
<?php include 'includes/jrnfooter.php';?>

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit