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<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Optimization of preparation conditions for rice husk based
activated carbons for the removal of methylene blue dye</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Murat MN<sup>1</sup>, Mohd Azmier Ahmad<sup>1,3*</sup> and Mohd Nazri Idris<sup>2</sup>
"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
<sup>1</sup>School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia<br>
<sup>2</sup>Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science & Engineering Research Centre, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong
Tebal, Penang, Malaysia<br>
<sup>3</sup>School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Mohd Azmier Ahmad"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, Tel: +604 5996459, Fax: +604 5996908, E-mail: <a href="mailto:chazmier@usm.my">chazmier@usm.my</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> July 25, 2018
<b>Accepted:</b> August 25, 2018
<b>Published:</b> August 31, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Murat MN, Ahmad MA, Idris MN. Optimization of preparation conditions for
rice husk based activatedcarbons for the
removal of methylene blue dye. <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2018; 2(2): 186-188. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000133">10.18689/ijpr-1000133</a>
</p>
 <p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000133.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">This study investigates the optimal conditions for preparation of rice husk based
activated carbon (RHAC) using carbon dioxide gasification of rice husk char undermicrowave
irradiation.The central composite design (CCD) was used todetermine the effects of the two
preparation variables; microwave power and activation time on MB removal and RHAC
yield. Basedon the CCD, a quadratic model and linear modelswere developed for MB
removal and RHAC yield, respectively. The significant factors on each experimental design
responsewere identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions for
RHAC preparation were obtained by using activation time of 4.28 min and microwave power
of 440 W, which resulted MB removal of 83.05% and RHAC yield of 31.98%.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Activated carbon, Adsorption, Methylene blue, Microwave heating,Optimization, Rice husk</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">The textile industry uses dyes to color their product consume large quantities of water
<a href="#1">[1]</a>. More than 100,000 commercially available dyes with over 7 x 10<sup>5</sup> tonnes of dyestuff
produced every year have been estimated <a href="#2">[2]</a>. At the same time, massive amount of textile
wastewater is produced during dyeing and finishing processes. One of the serious issues
associated with textile wastewater is colored effluent as they produce an obvious color to
water even at low concentration <a href="#3">[3]</a>. Therefore, the appearance of dyes onto streams and
rivers are categorized as threatening pollutant that should not be neglected. Indeed, removal
of dyes from the effluent before its disposal in water bodies is very important <a href="#4">[4]</a>. In the last
few years, great attention has been placedon utilizing waste as precursor for producing lowcost
activated carbon. In this study an attempt was made to find the optimum preparation
condition of producing activated carbon from rice husk waste.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Methodology</p>
<p class="art-para">The rice husk was placed in a Pyrex glass reactor in the chamber of the microwave
oven. The microwave irradiation was carried at targeted radiation time and radiation
power under carbon dioxide flow of 150 ml/min as suggested by the Design Expert
software. The response surface methodology (RSM) design known as central composite
design (CCD) was used in this study. The variables involved were microwave power (x<sub>1</sub>) and activation time (x<sub>2</sub>) with MB removal (y<sub>1</sub>) and RHAC yield (y<sub>2</sub>) as responses. The code
levels for CCD are shown in Table 1.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-table1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-subhead">Results and discussion</p>
<p class="art-para">The response values that obtained from the experimental
works using the design of expert software are shown in Table 2. The
polynomial regression equation was developed using CCD. As
suggested by the software, the quadratic and linear models were
selected for MB removal (Y<sub>1</sub>) and RHAC yield (Y<sub>2</sub>), respectively as the
best model to correlate the data to the response. </p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-table2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The final empirical models for MB removal and RHAC in
term of coded factors are shown in Equation Equations 1 and 2
respectively,</p>
<p class="art-para">The correlation coefficient, R<sup>2</sup> value were used to evaluate
the suitability of model equation. The model developed is the
best at low standard deviation and high R2 statistic which is
closer to the unity. The R<sup>2</sup>values for Equations 1 and 2 were
0.9546 and 0.9052, respectively. The higher R<sup>2</sup> values indicate
that the predicted values for MB removal and RHAC were
closer to its actual value <a href="#5">[5]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to justify the
adequacy of the models. The ANOVA for the quadratic model
of MB removal is shown in Table 3, where the F-value of 29.45
and Prob>F is 0.0001 prove that the model is significant. The
microwave power (x<sub>1</sub>), activation time (x<sub>2</sub>), quadratic term of
microwave power (x<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>) and the quadratic terms of activation
time (x<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>) were significant model terms whereas the interaction
terms (x<sub>1</sub>x<sub>2</sub>) were insignificant to the response.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-table3.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Table 4 shows the ANOVA for quadratic model for RHAC
yield. The model F-value of 17.65 and Prob>F of 0.0005
indicates the model is significant. Based on the result obtained, microwave power (x<sub>1</sub>) and the activation time (x<sub>2</sub>) were
significant model terms.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-table4.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Three-dimensional surface response and contour plots were
constructed to assess the interactive relationships between
independent variables and responses of certain models. Figure 1
shows three-dimensional surface responses for two factors
microwave power and activation time on MB removal.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-figure1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">High microwave powerpromotes the development of
pores on the sample, thus resulted high response value. Figure 2 shows the three-dimensional response surface of the
combined effect of microwave power and activation time on
the RHAC yield. All variable were significant on the response
with microwave power imposing greater effect than activation
time. Increase the microwave power, significantly more pores
and active site were developed on the RHAC surface. Therefore
the yield decreases with increasing activation time due to
more release of volatile matter.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-figure2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The aim of this study is to obtain the optimum parameters
of RHAC produced with highest RHAC yield and MB removal. Design Expert software was used to compromise between
yield and MB removal while optimizing both of these values
by selecting the highest responses from the experimental
result. The optimum operating conditions is depending on
achieving high MB removal. The experimental conditions with
the highest desirability are shown in the Table 5.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-133-table5.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The optimum preparation conditions were obtain at
activation time of 4.28 min and microwave power of 440 W, which resulted MB removal of 83.05% and RHAC yield of
31.98%. The error for the MB removal and RHAC yield between
the experimental and predicted value are 1.05% and 1.75%, respectively, which indicates sufficient accuracy of the process
optimization.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">Response surface methodology was successfully used to
investigatethe effects of microwave power and activation
time on the MB removal and RHAC yield. The optimum RHAC
preparationconditions were obtained using activation time of
4.28 min and microwave power of 440 W, which resulted MB
removal of 83.05% and RHAC yield of 31.98%. Through
analysis of the response surface,microwave power and
activation time were found to have significant effectson MB
removal and RHAC yield. </p>
<p class="art-subhead">Acknowledgements</p>
<p class="art-para">The authors are grateful for the funding from Solid Waste
Management Cluster (RU 1001/CKT/870023) and Bridging
Grant of UniversitiSains Malaysia. </p>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
<ol> 
<li class="ref"><div id="1" name="1">Bello OS, Siang TT, Ahmad MA. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/apj.557" target="_blank">Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R
reactive dye from aqueous solution by cocoa pod husk-based activated
carbon : Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies.</a> Asia-Pacific
Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2012; 7: 378-388. doi: 10.1002/apj.557</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2" name="2">Ahmad MA, Rahman NK. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894711003500" target="_blank">Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic of
Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R dye adsorption on coffee husk-based
activated carbon.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011; 170(1: 154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.045</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3" name="3">Yener J, Kopac T, Dogu G, Dogu T. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894708001083#!" target="_blank">Dynamic analysis of sorption of
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