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<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Clinical Image Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Chemistry via Art</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Abraham Tamir<sup>*</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
Emeritus Professor of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Abraham Tamir"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Emeritus Professor, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, E-mail: <a href="mailto:atamir4@012.net.il">atamir4@012.net.il</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> July 11, 2018
<b>Accepted:</b> August 24, 2018
<b>Published:</b> August 30, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Tamir A. Chemistry via Art. <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2018; 2(2): 182-185. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000132">10.18689/ijpr-1000132</a>
</p>
 <p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This work
is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000132.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
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<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties
of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. The latter is
defined as "a process in which one or more substances are changed into others."
Chemistry is generally divided into inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry where
another division is physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. The history of chemistry
began more than 4,000 years ago with the Egyptians who pioneered the art of synthetic
"wet" chemistry. By 1000 BC, the ancient civilizations were using technologies that
would form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Extracting metal from their
ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for
cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and
making alloys like bronze <a href="#1">[1]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">In the Middle Ages that began around 500 AD and lasted until 1400 AD there was a
"science" called alchemy - the forerunner of modern chemistry. The main objectives of
alchemy were to find the appropriate combination of ingredients that would cure all
illness and diseases, to find the chemical that would prolong life, and to convert lead
into gold. Nowadays the above goals have not been neglected - possibly just realistically
modified.</p>
<p class="art-para">Chemical reactions are processes by which the original substances are changed into
new ones by making or breaking of chemical bonds. Interesting reactions, not yet well
understood, are those taking place in our brain. When we think a thought or feel a
sensation from the outside world, it is the result of chemical reactions in our brain; drugs
and food can have a significant effect upon our brain chemistry. Each chemical is
characterised by a symbol or a formula derived from the scientific name of the element
where a specific reaction is described as combination of the formula of the reactants
and products, for example A B. It is interesting to note that also in the brain there are
reactions caused by the brain cells, when for example we see something attractive. And
finally, two additional basic definitions. Chemistry laboratory is defined as "a laboratory
for research in chemistry" or "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research" where
the chemist is "a scientist who specialises in chemistry". The original physical chemistry
laboratory was built in Oxford University in England.</p>
<p class="art-para">In the following different aspects of chemistry are demonstrated by artworks. Figures <a href="#1">[1]</a> <a href="#2">[2]</a> presents the chemistry laboratory painted by the Albert Edelfelt, a Finnish
academic painter (1854-1905). The chemist in the artwork painted in 1885 is Louis
Pasteur (1822-1895), a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable
breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. </p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Chemistry; matter; inorganic chemistry</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Figures 2-6 <a href="#3">[3]</a> demonstrate science creating art in images
of different chemicals photographed by the research scientist
Michael W. Davison through a microscope, or more commonly
by photomicrography. </p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure3.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure4.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure5.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure6.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Figures 7-11 demonstrate by artworks different chemical
reactions. The reaction A+B+C ABC is demonstrated in Figure
7 by images of three important chemists, each demonstrates
a certain "reactant" as follows. On the left-hand-side is the
image of Paul Sabatier (1854-1941), a French Noble Prize for
hydrogenating organic compounds. In the center is the
portrait of the Fritz Haber (1868-1934), a German Noble Prize
for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements. On the right
hand- side is the image of Irving Langmuir (1881-1957), an
American Noble Prize for his contribution on surface
chemistry. The combination of the images, namely the
reaction "product", is an interesting face combination in which at first glance one will tell you that he sees six eyes. However, a thorough look reveals only four eyes due to the common
eyes. Figure 8 demonstrates the reaction AB A+B. It is based
on the artwork "2 motifs system IVB"<a href="#4">[4]</a> by Maurits Cornelis
Escher (1898-1972), Dutch, one of the world's most famous
graphic artist. Here, the original artwork is the left-hand side
that was separated by the authors in order to demonstrate
the reaction. An additional reaction demonstrated in Figure 9
by an artwork is</p>
<p class="art-para">2A+B 2AB. It is also based on Escher's artwork"2 motifs, transitional system IA - IA "where the original artwork is the
right hand- side part. Figure 10 demonstrates the Belousov -
Zhabotinskii cyclic chemical reaction <a href="#5">[5]</a>. In the picture we see
top views, at different times, of the surface of the apparatus in
which the chemical reaction takes place. No doubt that the
real pictures may be considered as astounding artworks. The
last example of a chemical reaction is related to our brain <a href="#6">[6]</a>. When we think a thought or feel a sensation from the outside
world, it's the it's the result of major chemical reactions in our
brain due to the chemicals in it. Some of the important
chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Figure 11, right-hand
side <a href="#7">[7]</a>, may demonstrate a reaction in the brain where the
modified left-hand-side is the situation before something
affects the brain.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure7.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure8.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure9.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure10.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-132-figure11.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
<ol> 
<li class="ref"><div id="1" name="1">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2" name="2">http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Louis_Pasteur</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3" name="3">Magical Display. The Art of Photomicrography by Michael W. Davison, Amber Lotus, 1993.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="4" name="4">Visions of Symmetry by Doris Schattchneider, W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 1990.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="5" name="5">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belousov-Zhabotinsky_reaction</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="6" name="6">http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread6988/pg1</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="7" name="7">Mind and Brain-Journey Through the Mind and Body by the Editors of
Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia.</div></li>
</ol>   
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