���� JFIF  XX �� �� �     $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222�� ��" �� 4     ��   �� �,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu��� #ډb���_�N� ?� �wQ���5-�~�I���8��� �TK<5o�Iv-� ����k�_U_����� ~b�M��d��� �Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F� ?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt� �=||I �� 6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9�� �Y�8 ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6� z<�v��@]�i% �� $j��~ �g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[�� �� s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP� 3.DB�li�;� �hj���x 7Z^�N�h��� ���N3u{�:j �x�힞��#M &��jL P@ _���� P�� &��o8 ������9 �����@Sz 6�t7#O�ߋ � s}Yf�T� ��lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p ����w\�T ȯ?�8` �O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊�� �3m&L�=��h3� ���z~��#� \�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO��� 6�֚l���� }��� R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b�� ;N�1�m�r$� |��7�>e�@ B�TM*-i H��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a ��Ҿ���� t4��� o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0 �����:�n,j WiE��W� �$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S�� ��VN;� }�s?.����� w �9��˟<���Mq4�Wv' ��{)0�1mB ��V����W[� ����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� p g�N�&ݝ� �VO~� q���u���9� ����!��J27��� �$ O-���! �: �%H��� ـ ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������ t<����è :a�� ����[���� �ա�H���~��w��Qz`�p o�^ �� ��Q��n�  �,uu�C� $ ^���,� �����8�#��:�6��e�|~� ��!�3� 3.�\0�� q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�< ���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y� |�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp �Ig�� ��4��l�OD� ��L����� R���c���j�_�uX 6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@ �~a�`��Eu������ +� �� 6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�Yr G�X��kG�� ���l^w�� �~㒶sy� �Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT ��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2�� #I/�׍qz��^t�̔��� b�Yz4x ���t�){ OH� �+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC�� '���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�| Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^� "�����Z?ȕ ��a< �L�!0 39C� �Eu� C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf�� �M}7����]��� �s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P ���ʇ Z O-��~�� c>"��?�� �����P ��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠 �䧘��_%#r�>� 1�z�a�� eb��qcP ѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�` ��V��� A{�C:�g���e@ �w1 Xp 3�c3�ġ���� p��M"'-�@n4���fG� �B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� � ��8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`�� �?��K� ���QK�d ����B`�s}�>���` ��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*� ���弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6 �q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ 3XΛex�46�� �Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,� �G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT ���ڹ�����; Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J � ⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ� +E��d ��r�5�_D �1 �� o�� �B�x�΢�#� ��<��W�����8���R6�@ g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@ x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd ��3�eO�6�㣷�� ���ݜ 6��6Y��Qz`�� S��{���\P �~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu� b�]�ϔ ���'�� ����f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��h v�E� w���T�l ��P� ��"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u� )]կ��� ��7x�� �s�M�-<ɯ�c��r� v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a�� �'����>x��O\�Z Fu>��� ��ck#��&:��`�$ �ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h� �lE�ܺ�Π k:)���` �� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|��� 8}������ބ:��񶐕� �I�A1/� =�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b ��� ~� �݊��}34q��� �d�E��L c��$ ��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B � z���r�p J�ru%v\h 1Y�ne` ǥ:g�� �pQM~�^� Xi� ��`S�:V2 9.�P���V� ?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekP ؠ�\� ;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP��� �\� `����E=���@K<�Y�� �eڼ�J ���w����{av�F�'�M�@ /J��+9p ���|]���� �Iw &` ��8���& M�hg ��[�{ ��Xj�� %��Ӓ� $��(��� �ʹN��� <>�I���RY� ��K2�NPlL�ɀ )��&e� ���B+ь����( � �JTx ���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI� n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G& Ú����2 g�}&m� �?ċ �"����Om#� ������� � ��{� ON��"S�X ��Ne��ysQ���@ Fn��Vg��� dX�~nj� ]J�<�K]: ��FW�� b�������62 �=��5f����JKw� �bf�X� 55��~J �%^� ���:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v��� g�8�1��f2 4;�V���ǔ�)��� �9���1\�� c��v�/'Ƞ�w����� ��$�4�R-��t�� �� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃���� ��A��20�c# �� @    0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq���   � ���^7ׅ,$n� ������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������ 5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\��� O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;�� ����S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{� ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u� !��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� � ��D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v��� ��멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$� JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4� [�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ� dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il� �d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J� �oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.��� 3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R =X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N��� ��#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%�� �JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$ I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$�� �L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����) �H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>� dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\� y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~�� ����Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7� �ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz�� )�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!) '��8Ϣ�ٔ� �ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'� L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���( }��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3������� QT��a�� ��x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3� ,#c�co��q�a)*P t����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O��������� m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l� O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m� ��PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q� �����~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~� |,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@ l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)` 7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ��� �}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i���� >J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0 ��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q�� nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m ���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{ / �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B�� =��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H�� ��O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l�� ��l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac���� �\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6� ���N6�q�� ���� N    ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td��  ? � ��N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m��� m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4� ��r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0����� �u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ���� V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�� ���Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q� (v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9� �3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M��� �A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#y w��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa� ���Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N��� �*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]�� 陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv :��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WP w���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp �BGv[]�u�Ov��� 0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND ��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R�� � ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`( �>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG�� {+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/ ��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�> e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA� *M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f��� ��֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ�� �˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)� �h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~��� ��� G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W� I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��B S�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c� ��]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪ �\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W����� 6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}����� 6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@ �P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6��� ��m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw� k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ��� �mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e�� R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1 [y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN�� ĕ�� 0    !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������ ? � ��@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j �ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^� ��ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������ :�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0�� ;_�� 3     !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������ ? � �ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6�������� ��4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=� �?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{ E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)��� �I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a �84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b� �$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7� �k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 132.148.112.237  /  Your IP : 216.73.216.191
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux p3plmcpnl497166.prod.phx3.secureserver.net 4.18.0-553.54.1.lve.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Jun 4 13:01:13 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : m483e053zf9r ( 10082050)
PHP Version : 7.4.33
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : OFF  |  Pkexec : OFF
Directory :  /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/ijpr-1000129.php
<?php
$extpath="../";
include 'includes/jrnheader.php';
include 'includes/jrnleft-panel.php';
//$imgpath=""; ?>
<div class="col-md-9 padding-top-15">
<section class="post">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Are we reaching the end of the petrol consumption?
Will fossil fuels survive in an era of energy savings
and environmental protection?</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Nuno Domingues<sup>*</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
Isel-Adem, Rua Conselheiro Em&#237;dio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Nuno Domingues"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Isel-Adem, Rua Conselheiro Em&#237;dio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal, E-mail: <a href="mailto:nndomingues@gmail.com">nndomingues@gmail.com</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> August 13, 2018
<b>Accepted:</b> August 21, 2018
<b>Published:</b> August 26, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Domingues N. Are we reaching
the end of the petrol consumption? Will
fossil fuels survive in an era of energy
savings and environmental protection?. <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2018; 2(2): 165-171. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000129">10.18689/ijpr-1000129</a>
</p>
 <p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000129.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">Around the world there is an increase demand on renewable energies. The care for
the environment and quality of life has highlighted the concerns for the world that our
children inheritance. On the other side, there is still the inertia of keeping the BAU on
energy consumption to maintain our level of life.</p>
<p class="art-para">Along the past decades, the transport has been identified has the major pollution
sector. Petrol based engines are fully optimized and the electronics associated don't
have a role on the system efficiency anymore. Thereby, other solutions such as
electrification and fuel cells are on the table to phase out petrol based engines.</p>
<p class="art-para">Isolated islands of energy consumption where the electricity is not available (such
as rural areas) or where they were very expensive (such as low energy intensive, welling
and irrigation), used to be feed by diesel. With decentralized generation at affordable
prices and better efficiencies, the paradigm is changing for a cleaner and low noise
alternative.</p>
<p class="art-para">District heating using fuel, coal and diesel are being substituted by solar, geothermal
and electric heat pumps systems.</p>
<p class="art-para">The present paper presents, discusses and reflects on the alternatives of the petrol
and fossil fuel consumption paradigm.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Fossil fuel, energy savings, energy efficiency, energy transitions, low carbon</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">For some time and on their own pace, several Countries the energy efficiency systems
are increasing and the primary energy sources are moving away from environmental
impact. Equipment, appliances and processes experienced technological improvements
that surplus the natural efficiency path. Following several people ideas, academic studies, ENGO pressure and political guidelines, the environmental goal in most Countries consists
more and more on reducing energy demand and on reducing carbon emissions. Among
various measures to achieve these objectives, several European countries have adopted
taxes: carbon/energy, resource use, resource rents, for example. Our demand for energy
keeps growing. Analysts forecast our energy demand in 2050 will be 30-40% higher than
today, even assuming we become much more energy-efficient. Increases on this scale are
not unprecedented. Over the past 30 years, worldwide energy demand has more than
doubled. The need for low carbon energy transitions is driven by rapidly growing energy
demand, as well as environmental concerns like climate change, peak oil, natural resource
depletion and air pollution. A good way to make the transition is to leave the agents (mainly the consumer) the choice. In order for agents to make
conscious decisions, the markets must give good information, including the full cost of the products. Subsidies therefore tend
to take the form of price controls where the provision of a good
or service is priced at a level below the full cost of supplying it. This had happened in Portugal with fossil power plants, having
impacts on the allocation of resources (comparable with explicit
subsidies) and having effects on public finances (significantly
different from explicit subsidies). Putting an end to
environmentally harmful fiscal loopholes can also contribute
greatly to raise revenues and reduce budget deficits.</p>
<p class="art-para">Portugal has a high consumption of oil, due essentially to
three reasons:</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Absence of internal production capacity for oil and natural
gas. Portugal has the capacity to produce only 14 percent
of the energy you need. It is the thirteenth country (of the
Fifteen) in terms of energy autonomy, far from the situation
in Denmark, the United Kingdom or the Netherlands, countries that are "rich" in oil and / or natural gas; </p>
<p class="art-para">-   Greater energy intensity. Portugal is, along with Finland, the country with the highest energy intensity in the
European Union of the Fifteen, that is, the country that
incorporates the highest final energy consumption (measured in Tep) to produce an internal product unit (GDP). This fact is aggravated by the fact that energy
intensity in Portugal is growing at an annual average of
0.9%, while in the remaining EU15 countries (except Spain) there is a trend towards decreasing energy intensity; </p>
<p class="art-para">-   Greater energy dependence on oil. Oil accounts for
about 64 percent of primary energy consumption in
Portugal; in this ratio, our country is only surpassed by
Luxembourg. Even if we considered the aggregate
dependence on oil and natural gas, Portugal's position
would remain rather unfavorable in the context of the
Europe of the Fifteen. </p>
<p class="art-para">In this context, consideration of other fossil fuels, such as
coal, does not significantly alter Portugal's relative position in
terms of dependence on this type of fuel. The impact of the
dependence of Petroleum on the energy bill follows a similar
evolution to that of natural gas due to the latter's mechanism
of formation and the substitutability between these fuels in
countries with a relatively large electricity generation portfolio.</p>
<p class="art-para">Since it is not possible to act on a structural factor such as the
national production capacity, attention must be focused on
reducing energy intensity and dependence on oil, taking into
account four additional criteria:</p>
<p class="art-para">-  impact on the energy bill (external);<br>
-  environmental impact;<br>
-  socioeconomic impact;<br>
-  impact on science and innovation;<br>
-  impact on the State Budget.<br>
</p>
<p class="art-para">In order to make the Program actionable, the priorities
for action were structured in four sectors: energy, transport, industry, and household consumption and services.</p>
<p class="art-para">The energy practices and policies in the areas in which
Portugal presents a greater potential to be applied are:</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Dependence on oil in the electricity generation sector (references: Austria, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany and
Denmark). The solution found by the reference countries
focuses mainly on the adoption of technologies associated
with fuels other than oil. Of note are the increased use of
water technology in Austria and Sweden and the increased
use of wind, biomass and solar energy in Finland and
Denmark as a complement to natural gas. Denmark's choice
of natural gas and coal, in the absence of hydro and nuclear
technology, is also an alternative to reduce dependence on
oil. In addition, the adoption of nuclear technology has
contributed to less dependence on oil in the countries that
have adopted it, but it is nevertheless true that this
technology raises a number of environmental and social
issues</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Energy intensity of the transport sector (references: Italy, Germany, Austria, France and Spain). There is a wide range of
measures adopted by the reference countries. However, it is
important to note that a significant proportion of these
measures are current practice in one form or another in most
European Union countries, including Portugal. The countries
of reference analyzed have developed four main lines of
action: (1) Fiscal measures and subsidies to encourage a
more efficient fleet; (2) Fuel tax applied in order to encourage
the consumption of biofuels; (3) Adoption of integrated plans
to encourage the use of public transport; and (4) Adoption of
a network of road and rail infrastructures to improve the
efficiency of passenger and freight transport, including the
creation of logistics platforms and inter modality;</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Energy intensity of the industrial sector (references: Denmark, Germany and Ireland). In market economies, it is observed
that the industrial sector itself seeks to become more efficient
in order to guarantee its competitiveness. Nevertheless, there
is still a need to develop incentive programs for the reduction
of the energy intensity of the industry, mainly in activities that
are the basis for the fastest growth of the economy, for
example by concluding of energy audits and supporting up
to 30 per cent of investment in energy intensity reduction
projects;</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Dependence on oil (and natural gas) in the industrial sector (references: Finland, Sweden and Austria). The key
performance factors of the reference countries are the use of
renewable energy in industrial plants to meet their energy
needs, including through the high use of biomass. In practice, cogeneration plants are built for the production of electricity
and heat necessary for industrial processes, and the
Governments of the reference countries have developed
incentive programs for this purpose;</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Dependence on oil in the domestic sector and services -
Buildings (references: Spain and Greece). For domestic
consumption, the reasons for less dependence on oil in the
countries of reference are, for example, the use of solar
thermal technology and energy efficiency regulations for
buildings, which air conditioning.</p>
<p class="art-para">The analysis of the different European countries, in
particular the reference countries, does indeed identify the
greatest opportunities for improvement for our country. Although not all levers offer the same potential, it is clear that
it should be possible to reduce energy intensity and
dependence on oil in the various sectors of activity. The
comparative analysis of the energy bills of the reference
countries allows us to conclude that this objective can be
achieved without increasing - on the contrary - the energy bill
of Portugal.</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Possibility of reducing energy intensity and dependence
on oil in different sectors. The industrial sector shows
the greatest potential for improvement: it would be
possible to reduce Portugal's total oil bill by around 40
percent if levels of intensity and dependence in this
sector were reached, equal to the average of the
reference countries. However, it is necessary to take into
account the nature of the Portuguese industrial fabric -
more energy-dependent and more focused on value
chain activities that generate relatively less added value, making it extremely difficult to approach European
benchmarks. The dependence of electricity production
on oil translates into a difference from the best practices
corresponding to about 16 percent of the current oil bill. Among the other levers, the energy intensity of transport
and the dependence on domestic consumption are
additional opportunities to reduce the invoice, with the
differentials of each of these two levers relative to the
countries of reference of about 10 percent of the current
invoice;</p>
<p class="art-para">-   Opportunity to reduce energy bills. Although they
display smaller (relatively speaking) oil bills, most of
the 10 reference countries analyzed also benefit from
a lower energy bill than the Portuguese one. These
data suggest that Portugal should aim to reduce its
oil bill without increasing its energy bill.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Alternatives to fossil fuel</b>
The International Energy Agency <a href="#1">[1]</a> highlights that only
three of twenty-six low carbon innovation areas - solar PV and
onshore wind, energy storage and electric vehicles (EV) - are
mature, commercially competitive and on track to deliver
their share of the climate objectives set out at the 2015 Paris
Climate Conference. It is unlikely we can squeeze more out of
these three technology areas than is currently projected. Solar
PV and onshore wind are intermittent, so need to be used in
conjunction with energy storage or other forms of power
generation. The high-energy-density batteries that are used
for both storage and EVs are causing concern around whether
the supply of raw materials needed to manufacture them will
be able to keep pace with their rapid uptake.</p>
<p class="art-para">The World Economic Forum's latest white paper <a href="#2">[2]</a> proposes
some bold ideas to significantly accelerate sustainable energy
innovation and support the uptake of future energy sources.</p>
<p class="art-para">Energy transitions are shifts from a country's economic
activities based on one energy source to an economy based (partially) on another energy source. Fouquet and Pearson (2012) find that energy transitions are complex and rare events that
have often taken place over very long period of time, such as
decades or centuries. Several energy transitions have occurred in
history <a href="#3">[3]</a>:</p>
<ul class="art-para">
<li>the energy transition from manpower and animal
power to traditional biomass (such as fuel wood, crop
residues and dung)</li>
<li>the energy transition from traditional biomass to coal (ca 1860),</li>
<li>the energy transition from coal to oil (ca 1880)</li>
<li>the energy transition from oil to natural gas (ca 1900)</li>
<li>the energy transition from natural gas to electricity
and heat (ca 1900-10)</li>
<li>the large-scale commercial introduction of nuclear (ca 1965)</li>
<li>the large-scale commercial introduction of renewable
energy and large hydropower.</li>
</ul>
<p class="art-para">Bashmakov's three laws of energy transitions suggest the
following:</p>
<ul class="art-para">
<li>Energy transitions are often driven by changing energy
costs in relation to income (the predominant energy
form becomes too expensive).</li>
<li>Energy transitions are often driven by improving energy
quality (eg higher energy efficiency like electricity in
comparison to fuel wood).</li>
<li>Energy transitions are often driven by growing energy
productivity (eg more industrial output can be obtained).</li>
</ul>
<p class="art-para">Low carbon energy transitions are here defined as shifts from
a country's economic activities based on fossil fuels to an economy
based (partially) on renewable and low carbon energy. This means
that substitutions take place from fossil fuel-based technologies
to low carbon technologies. Such transitions can take place in
every sector of a country's or a region's economy. Observations
from history have shown that most energy transitions were rather
slow, often lasting more than a century <a href="#10">[10]</a>. <a href="#12">[12]</a> argues that
historic energy transitions took about 80 to 130 years to fully
happen. Faced by a changing climate and fossil fuel depletion
many scholars suggest that a low carbon energy transition needs
to be more rapid. <a href="#12">[12]</a> and <a href="#11">[11]</a> note that low carbon innovation, policies and financing need to be more persistent, continuous and
balanced on a national and global level. They suggest that current
policy frameworks are insufficient and need to be changed for
enabling a low carbon energy transition.</p>
<p class="art-para">To find alternatives or complements to fossil energies, there are
some criteria for the evaluation of alternatives, the following
being the most relevant:</p>
<p class="art-para">Cost of Capital - In a period of intense competition for
savings, accelerated by the aging of populations in
developed countries, investments in the energy base will
be in competition with investments in new technologies
and their applications that offer greater prospects for
future growth; then the renewal of the energy system
must select combinations that minimize capital costs
without impeding other requirements;</p>
<p class="art-para">Resource Abundance / Energy Density - the approach of peak
oil production will put the demand for other primary energy
sources on the agenda, with those that are more abundant and
have a high "energy density" naturally benefiting;</p>
<p class="art-para">Energy Efficiency - the need to reduce the intensity of use
of fossil fuels, especially those with higher energy density, point to the incessant search for technological solutions
that allow greater efficiency in the energy transformations
that have these resources as a base;</p>
<p class="art-para">Environmental Sustainability - the risks associated with
poorly understood climate change point to greater attention
to energy solutions with the highest pollution risk - in
particular in terms of greenhouse gases - and to the search
for technological solutions that seek to limit these impacts;</p>
<p class="art-para">Digital Reliability - Increasingly organized and networked
economies working on the basis of on-line telecommunications
/ telematics systems need to have an electricity supply with the
least possible risk of interruptions and quality changes, given
the disastrous impact such events can Tue;</p>
<p class="art-para">Facility Security - in a world marked by the emergence of largescale
terrorist phenomena, the vulnerability of energy facilities, particularly associated with risks of massive destruction of
human lives, and the contribution of energy solutions facilitating
nuclear proliferation have become in key criteria to evaluate
which solutions may be most sought in the future.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The role of Biodiesel</b><br>
The petrol and diesel fuel system already exists and works
very well. Creating a system that eliminates gasoline and diesel
fuel system instead of building a system on this would throw
away an important ally. Therefore, biodiesel may play a relevant
role in the future. The implementation of a system for the
processing and recovery of vegetable oils used for their
transformation into Biodiesel may bring the following
environmental, economic and social benefits in relation to the
use of fossil fuel for the production of diesel. Reducing CO<sub>2</sub>
emissions, aromatic compounds, particulates, benzenes and
carcinogenic compounds, reducing imports of crude oil for
processing and job creation are some of the advantages
mentioned. The most obvious benefits will be the reduction of
CO<sub>2</sub> emissions which has been accounted for since 2005 with the
new European Greenhouse Gas Emissions Directive and
corresponding penalties for non-compliant member states. In
order to assess the impact of using biodiesel to reduce CO<sub>2</sub>
emissions, the following baseline data should be taken into
account: - Each tonne of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted will be fined &#x20AC; 17.7 (source: European Commission website www.eur.eu). - Estimates of the
possible total collection of used vegetable oils point to the
possibility of collecting 50,000 tonnes of vegetable oils from the
200,000 tonnes sold for catering and domestic use. - The
valorisation of vegetable oil in biodiesel has a conversion factor
of 1 to 1 with a also recoverable by-product of glycerin and
fertilizer. - In the process of transterification of 50,000 tons, 50,000
tons of biodiesel, 5000 tons of glycerin and 5000 tons of fertilizer
are generated. - The CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction factor when
replacing 1 kg of fossil fuel with biodiesel is between 2.4 kg and
3.2 kg. (Based on studies by the NREL and the US Department of Energy after tests on vehicles using biodiesel blends to 20% and
30%). Using these data for Portugal, with the full use of the
collected vegetable oil, it was expected: - a value of 120,000 to
160,000 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> - a direct financial benefit in terms of
reducing emissions from &#x20AC; 2,124,000 to &#x20AC; 2,832,000, taking into
account the European rate of &#x20AC; 17.7 per tonne, or roughly &#x20AC; 0.05
per litre of biodiesel, which is equivalent to &#x20AC; 2,500 .000 &#x20AC; / year. These values have not been verified, although the integration of
biodiesel has been 5% and not only 3%. However, the solution of
small-scale equipment for the recovery of waste from producers, placing the product valued for burning in municipal fleets or
other fleets of vehicles, still appears to be very advantageous for
the following reasons: - The use of alternative fuels was mandatory
for municipal vehicle fleets in 2006. - The objectives of the
Directive adopted in terms of emission reduction points to 5% of
biofuels in place of diesel was in 2005. - Creation of jobs and
consequent discounts for social security and reduction of the
unemployment rate. The transformation of 50,000 tons of waste
involves the manufacturing (in national territory with national
labour) of 200 production equipments with capacity for 1000
litres day. Each equipment involves the creation of 3 to 4 jobs for
the collection, operation of equipment, quality control, administrative and commercial support and subsequent
distribution of the product obtained. That is, 1 equipment 1 tonne
day, 240 tons year justifies the existence of 3.5 full-time jobs. For
the total of 200 equipment installed and to produce in full we get
700 full-time jobs. The 50,000 tons of biodiesel replace an equal
number of tons of fossil fuel. So we get an amount of 250,000
barrels of crude from imports less on the balance of transactions
with advantage to the Country. Also none of this came to fruition. for Portugal is also an opportunity to assert itself as capable of
producing its own technology and to develop some product with
the capacities that it has at its disposal and with the contributions
of the national researchers technology-environment dialects
assume multiple combinations, conditioned to the capacity of
economic feasibility of the contributions of R & D in the
identification of new processes to produce energy. The region
richest in reserves - the Persian Gulf region - has difficulty in
endogenously generating financial resources to increase the
production that these reserves would allow, and the institutional
framework of oil exploration that it has adopted - a state
monopoly of companies - raising funds by other means. The
concentration of reserves in what is one of the most unstable
regions of the globe may, in turn, introduce elements of volatility
in the price of hydrocarbons. Unconventional forms of oil, of
which there are very significant reserves, consume a large amount
of energy to be exploited, energy which in most cases has to be
sought in conventional ways. These confirmed processes will
trigger strong competition for the control of oil and gas resources
on a global scale and enhance the role of Russia and the ex-
USSUR space in supplying developed countries. </p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The role of hydrogen</b><br>
For some authors, hydrogen could be the future of green
energy and has the potential to decarbonise electricity
generation, transport and heat. That's because when produced
by electrolysis - using electricity to split water (H2O) into
hydrogen and oxygen - hydrogen does not produce any pollutants. In transportation, fuel cell electric vehicles have a
longer range, a much faster refuelling time and require few
behavioural changes. Hydrogen can also be used to households
heating, blended with natural gas or burned on its own. The
existing gas infrastructure could be used to transport it, which
would avoid the grid costs associated with greater electrification
of heat. Once produced, hydrogen could also act as both a
short and long-term energy store. Figure 1 shows the schematic
of the energy transition with hydrogen <a href="#4">[4]</a>.</p>
<br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-129-figure1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<br>
<p class="art-para">This philosophy has some research challenges. Currently, almost all of global hydrogen (96%) is produced by reforming
methane (CH4), a process which ultimately produces carbon
dioxide. To be sustainable, this production method would
need to be deployed with carbon capture and storage, which
is itself in need of further development. Electrolysis produces
no carbon emissions. Yet the amount of hydrogen that can be
produced using this method depends on the cost and
availability of electricity from renewable sources. Concerns
about the safety of using hydrogen also need to be addressed. <a href="#4">[4]</a> noted two priority safety issues when transporting
hydrogen in the grid and combusting it for heat. When
hydrogen is combusted, one can't see the flame, so there
needs to detect whether it is lit. Hydrogen would be
transported and stored at high pressures, so one needs to
find an odorant that works with hydrogen so that people can
detect leaks. </p>
<p class="art-para">Other author defend that a hydrogen economy doesn't
make sense. The large amount of energy required to isolate
hydrogen from natural compounds (water, natural gas, biomass), package the light gas by compression or
liquefaction, transfer the energy carrier to the user, plus the
energy lost when it is converted to useful electricity with fuel
cells, leaves around 25% for practical use - an unacceptable
value to run an economy in a sustainable future. Only niche
applications like submarines and spacecraft might use
hydrogen. More energy is needed to isolate hydrogen from
natural compounds than can ever be recovered from its use. Therefore, making the new chemical energy carrier form
natural gas would not make sense, as it would increase the
gas consumption and the emission of CO2. Instead, the
dwindling fossil fuel reserves must be replaced by energy from renewable sources <a href="#5">[5]</a>. Also, the advantages of hydrogen (non-toxic, burns to water, abundance of hydrogen in the
Universe, etc.) are misleading, because the production of
hydrogen depends on the availability of energy and water, both of which are increasingly rare and may become political
issues, as much as oil and natural gas are today. Also, hydrogen is not a source of energy, but only a carrier of
energy. As a carrier, it plays a role similar to that of water in a
hydraulic heating system or electrons in a copper wire. When
delivering hydrogen, whether by truck or pipeline, the energy
costs are several times that for established energy carriers like
natural gas or gasoline. Even the most efficient fuel cells
cannot recover these losses, Bossel found. For comparison, the "wind-to-wheel" efficiency is at least three times greater
for electric cars than for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Finally, there is the problem of storage. When storing liquid hydrogen, some gas must be allowed to evaporate for safety reasons, meaning that after two weeks a car would lose half of its fuel
even when not being driven.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The role of CCS</b><br/>
Carbon capture and sequestrion can have a key role on
maintaining the interest in exploring oil. Figure 2.3 shows how
they are linked (WRI, 2007).</p>
<br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-129-figure2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<br>
<p class="art-para"><b>Energy islands</b>
We still need to develop studies that study a micro and
mini grid in Medium Voltage with micro generators, loads
and energy storage devices, with a single point of connection
to the network. The development of distributed generation
has been pointed out as one of the main ways to achieve the
objectives of the current European Energy Policy: security of
supply, competitive electricity prices and reduction of
environmental impacts. However, they lack the work of
designing, developing and implementing a model of a
Medium Voltage micro and mini grid in order to study its
dynamic behaviour in different operating modes (isolated or
interconnected), different load levels, different production
technologies, different energy storage solutions, with and without energy single directionality. There is also a need to
study and develop an energy management and control
system for micro and mini grid, according to a defined
strategy. Finally, there is a need to monitor the performance
of micro and mini grid by developing a computer tool and
defining performance indicators. </p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Spatial planning and Regional level</b><br>
There are some examples, such as in Lisbon the main city
in Portugal. Lisbon will be European Green Capital 2020, bringing great significance and responsibility. First, the
recognition of a political strategy that began in 2007 remains
today, which aims to take care of the sustainability of the city. That meant a concrete policy in various areas: green areas (in
the municipal master plan 2012 had a large increase with a
doubling to 400 hectares of green spaces); return of public
space to citizens; attention to drainage of flood waters (with
the approval of a drainage plan is in the execution phase) and
the focus on sustainable mobility (with priority to public
transport). The electric mobility is not considered as a major
driven. In Lisbon, the Pra&3x00E7;a de Espanha redevelopment project
will move forward, turning an arid zone of motor traffic in a
large area for public enjoyment. From September on it will
start coming new buses running on Diesel. In total will be
more than 200, about one-third of the current fleet of the
company. New buses are more environmentally sustainable
and significantly increase the supply capacity that will reduce
car emissions and at the same time improve competitiveness
and quality of life. In a second phase, remove those who are
now older buses, more polluting and that they should no
longer be of service. Carris Bus Company will be enhanced, meaning less waiting time between buses, more routes, increased service coverage, plus transportation to the
weekend and at night. The whole area of Alc&#x00E2;ntara, Ajuda, Bel&#x00E9;m, Beato and Marvila will be strengthened. The local
authority will make an investment in the electric mobility
network. Lisbon had a very comprehensive network that went
to many places in the city. It was a big mistake to have
destroyed this extraordinary infrastructure. The Lisbon
municipality is working with neighbouring municipalities to
also extend the electrical network. Today, one-half to twothirds
of the active population that is in Lisbon (working or
studying) comes from out of town.</p>
<p class="art-para">The return of public electric mobility will involve a
significant investment in the acquisition of rolling stock, but
has a dual capacity: medium heavy at getting carry many
people per hour with quality and efficiency, if the channels are
well designed, and at the same time it is more environmentally
friendly. However, this paradigm will not put away fossil fuels
since there will be an increase of electricity consumption by
the peak hours that will be produced by natural gas.</p>
<p class="art-para">The Lisbon Metropolitan Area (as well as Oporto city) assumed that the issue of mobility, environmental
sustainability and transport should be a major priority of the
next Community Support Framework from the government. Obviously tourism brings great value in employment, openness to the world, international recognition, and one must take advantage of this dimension. The cause of
sustainability is central to all communities. However, it is
demanding to have to adapt the city's systems to increased
tourism and increased employment that tourism generates. It
is a very demanding challenge, both in waste and in transport. Moreover, the household and the accommodation energy
consumption will increase based on natural gas (directly as
primary energy or indirectly in the electricity form). This
challenge is already very present today.</p>
<p class="art-para">Portugal is reactivating the abandoned Beja Airport with
two parallel tracks 3 km each, with a capacity equivalent to
two terminals of Portela, is part of a country with a lack of
airport capacity in Lisbon and the Algarve. The Beja Airport is
a project of the German Luftwaffe, when they wanted to install
a strategic military base within NATO and studied the land
access to the airport that they would build. The Luftwaffe and
its planning for the Beja Airport, came to the conclusion which
the airport would have to get to 110/150 km from Faro and
110/160 km from Lisbon (which in turn is the same distance
from Monte Real / Leiria, which in turn is in the same range
away from Ovar base, which is 100 Km from Pedras Rubras). And this is at 150km of Vigo-Peinador, which is also a similar
distance Santiago-Lavacolla. The Germans devised Beja as
part of a network. But other criteria on which it supported to
materialize the airport was the railway line, built by the <a href="#8">[8]</a>
British South & South Eastern Railway and supplemented by
the Portuguese State Railway Track in the XIX century. They
looked at the immensity of the lines that have that route, interrupted here and there by a large radius curve, with a
huge angle of low-flying, and concluded that it was in fact the
railroad, enabling them, in case of war, quickly mobilize
resources land to support their air base. Here is a teaching of
integrated mobility heritage for Portugal from the Germans
and the British. The Germans, offered a gigantic airport
capacity that simultaneously solves the chronic problems of
ability to Lisbon and Faro. The British, equipped a railroad
that thanks to its characteristics and proximity to the airport is
able to project its hinterland or area of influence for well over
150 km to the north <a href="#9">[9]</a>, south and to the east to Extremadura
Spanish (and in this case instrumental to the construction of
the Euro-region of Peninsular Southwest). The Beja airport
allows gain scale and integrates markets in a borderless
Europe. This project will increase the fossil fuel consumption.</p>
<p class="art-para">The Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway
and Sweden, are seen as global leaders in low carbon energy
transitions. These countries have ambitious climate and
energy policies in place, aiming to be fossil free by 2050 <a href="#6">[6]</a>. Iceland relies almost completely on geothermal energy for
heating, including for district heating, and exclusively on
hydropower and geothermal energy for electricity production
<a href="#7">[7]</a>. Sweden relies heavily on hydropower and nuclear energy
for electricity production and on biofuels for heating <a href="#10">[10</a>-<a href="#14">14]</a>. Denmark reduced its reliance on fossil fuels over time and
increased its share of renewable energy, particularly wind
energy and biofuels. Finland has a more varied energy
portfolio, but today relies predominantly on nuclear energy, hydropower and biofuels <a href="#7">[7]</a>. While Iceland, Sweden, Denmark and Finland experienced a decline in the reliance on fossil
fuels between the 1970s and the 1990s, Norway still depends
a lot on oil even today <a href="#15">[15]</a>. Norway has access to abundant
domestic oil resources. Nevertheless, more than 95% of the
country's electricity came from hydropower in 2015 <a href="#7">[7]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">The energy consumption is getting more and more
related to economics and market. Market based instruments
have a key role to guide the market agents on their decisions. Thereby, their correct use can help to accomplish a desired
goal and honour an international agreement. Also, the correct
design and implementation is a strong guidance for
sustainable consumption.</p>
<p class="art-para">Countries need to scale up existing low-carbon technologies at
a much faster rate, otherwise population growth will continue to
outpace investment in renewables and fossil fuels will continue to
dominate. However, one cannot keep asking for more from
technologies that have proved successful to-date. Given the scale of
the decarbonisation challenge, one needs to use many technological
solutions in tandem with fossil fuels, with highlight to petrol.</p>
<p class="art-para">The end of fossil fuels era is not reaching the end. Fossil fuel
still has a key role to play in every Country.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
<ol> 
<li class="ref"><div id="1" name="1">IEA, 2017, Tracking Clean Energy Progress: 2017, available online <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iea.org/etp/tracking2017/">http://
www.iea.org/etp/tracking2017/</a>, last access on 13th of August of 2018.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2" name="2">WEF- World Economic Forum, White Paper, 2018, Accelerating Sustainable
Energy Innovation, available online <a target="_blank" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Accelerating_sustainable_energy_innovation_2018.pdf">http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
Accelerating_sustainable_energy_innovation_2018.pdf</a>, last access on 13th
of August of 2018.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3" name="3">Bashmakov I. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421506005234#!" target="_blank">Three laws of energy transitions.</a> Energy Policy. 2007; 35(7): 3583-3594. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.023</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="4" name="4">European Communities publication. Taxation trends in the European
Union, 2010; ISBN 978-92-79-15801-8.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="5" name="5">NFL- National Physical Laboratory, 2018, Energy transition reports, available
online <a href="http://www.npl.co.uk/energy-transition/">http://www.npl.co.uk/energy-transition/</a>, last access on 13th of August
of 2018.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="6" name="6">Science X, 2006, Why a hydrogen economy doesn't make sense, available online
<a target="_blank" href="https://phys.org/news/2006-12-hydrogen-economy-doesnt.html#jCp">https://phys.org/news/2006-12-hydrogen-economy-doesnt.html#jCp</a>, last access on 13th of August of 2018.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="7" name="7">Sovacool B. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421516307091#!">Contestation, contingency, and justice in the Nordic lowcarbon
energy transition.</a> Energy 451 Policy. 2017; 102(3): 569-582. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.045</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="8" name="8">IEA, 2018. Energy statistics. <a href="http://www.iea.org/statistics/">www.iea.org/statistics/</a>, last access on 13th of
August of 2018</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="9" name="9">Araujo K. Low Carbon Energy Transitions: Turning Points in National
Policy and Innovation. Oxford University Press, OxfordBossel, Ulf. "Does a
Hydrogen Economy Make Sense?" Proceedings of the IEEE. 2007; 94(10).</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="10" name="10">European Environment Agency, Environmental taxes: recent developments
in tools for integration. 2000, ISBN: 92-9167-261-0.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="11" name="11">Foxon T. Energy and Economic Growth. Why we need a new pathway to
prosperity. Routledge, Oxon, 2018.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="12" name="12">Foxon T, Kohler J, Oughton C. Innovation for a Low Carbon Economy. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="13" name="13">Geels FW. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303377#!">Disruption and low-carbon system transformation: Progress
and new challenges in socio technical transitions research and the Multi-
Level Perspective.</a> Energy Research & Social Science. 2018; 37(3): 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.010</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="14" name="14">Geels FW, Sovacool BK, Schwanen T, Sorrell S. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435117300922">The Socio-Technical
Dynamics of Low-Carbon Transitions.</a> Joule. 2017; 1(3): 463-479. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.018</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="15" name="15">Smith S. Environmental taxes and competitiveness: an overview of issues. policy options, and research needs. OECD Papers, ISSN 16091914.</div></li>
</ol>   
</div>  
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div></div>
</div><!--end of row-->
</div><!--end of container-body-->
</div><!--end of content-area-->
<?php include 'includes/jrnfooter.php';?>

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit