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<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Microwave assisted rice husk based activated carbon
for adsorption of methylene blue dye </p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Mohd Azmier Ahmad<sup>1,3*</sup>, Nor Irwin Basir<sup>1</sup> and Nasehir Khan EM Yahaya<sup>2</sup>
"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
<sup>1</sup>School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, UniversitiSainsMalaysia, 14300 NibongTebal, Penang, Malaysia<br>
<sup>2</sup>National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Lot 5733 Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia<br>
<sup>3</sup>Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science & Engineering Research Centre, Engineering Campus, UniversitiSains Malaysia, NibongTebal, Penang, Malaysia
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Mohd Azmier Ahmad"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, Tel: +604 5996459, Fax: +604 5996908, E-mail: <a href="mailto:chazmier@usm.my">chazmier@usm.my</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> June 25, 2018
<b>Accepted:</b> July 31, 2018
<b>Published:</b> August 5, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Ahmad MA, Basir NI, Yahaya NKEM. Microwave assisted rice husk based activated
carbon for adsorption of methylene blue
dye <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2018; 2(2): 162-164. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000128">10.18689/ijpr-1000128</a>
</p>
 <p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000128.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">Rice husk based activated carbon (RHAC) was prepared for the methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption through physical activation process which involved microwave irradiation
and carbon dioxide gasification. The effect of initial dye concentration and contact time
were evaluated in a batch process. The MB adsorption onto RHAC was found to increase
from 16.18 to 137.15 mg/g as the MB concentrations increase from 25 to 300 mg/L. The
adsorption equilibrium data was best fitted into Freundlich isotherm model.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Key words:</b> Activated carbon, Adsorption, Methylene blue, Microwave heating, Rice husk</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">The textile is one of the largest water consuming industries and releases large
amount of effluent. The textile effluent contains carcinogenic dye, toxic heavy metals, phenolic compounds, softeners and other chemicals used in the dyeing process <a href="#1">[1]</a>. The
presences of even very low concentration of dye in the effluent are highly visible and
undesirable. Dye is very much associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic and
toxic properties <a href="#2">[2]</a>. Dye is difficult to be decolorized and decomposed biologically. Therefore, the dye wastewater needs to be properly treated before its release into the
environment <a href="#3">[3]</a>. Activated carbon (AC) adsorption is considered as one of the most
effective method for dye wastewater treatment <a href="#4">[4]</a>. In this study, rice husk was used to
produce AC using microwave heating and CO<sub>2</sub> gasification for MB dye removal from
aqueous solution.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Methodology</p>
<p class="art-para">The rice husk was placed in tubular reactor and carbonized using vertical furnace at
temperature of 350&#x00b0;C for 30 minutes under the nitrogen flow of 150 ml/min. Then the
char produced was placed in a Pyrex glass reactor in the chamber of the microwave
oven. The microwave irradiation was carried at radiation time and radiation power of
4.28 minutes and microwave power of 440 watt under CO<sub>2</sub> flow of 150 ml/min.</p>
<p class="art-para">For adsorption study, the 1 g/L of MB stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1 g
of MB dye powder (Sigma-Aldrich (M) Ltd) with 1 litre of deionized water. 0.2 g of the
RHAC was added to a series of Erlenmeyer flask filled with 0.2 L of MB dye solution with
different initial concentrations ranging from 25-300 mg/L. The solutions were kept in an
isothermal water bath shaker at temperature 30oC and shaker speed of 60 rpm. The
aqueous samples were then withdrawn at the equilibrium state of 24 hours. The MB
concentration was measured at 664nm by using UV-Vis spectrometer (Model Shimadzu UV-1800, Japan). The amount of MB adsorbed on the surface
of RHAC at equilibrium was calculated using following
equation: <div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-eq1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Q<sub>e</sub> = Amount of MB adsorbed on the RHAC at equilibrium (mg/g)<br>
C<sub>o</sub> = Initial dye concentration (mg/L)<br>
C<sub>e</sub> = Liquid phase dye concentration at equilibrium (mg/L)<br>
V = Volume of solution (L)<br>
M = Mass of adsorbent (g)<br>
The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models
were used to fit the experimental data obtained throughout
this study. The Langmuir model assumes that monolayer
coverage occurs on the surface. The Langmuir isotherm
equation can be expressed as <a href="#5">[5]</a>:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-eq2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">By rearranging the equation:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-eq3.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">where,<br>
C<sub>e</sub> = Equilibrium concentration of MB (mg/L)<br>
q<sub>m</sub> = Monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg/g)<br>
K<sub>L</sub> =Langmuir adsorption constant (L/mg).<br>
<p class="art-para">Equation 3 shows the linear form of Langmuir isotherm. Straight line graph of C<sub>e</sub>/q<sub>e</sub> against C<sub>e</sub> can be plotted with
slope 1/q<sub>m</sub> and intercept of 1/K<sub>L</sub>q<sub>m</sub>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Freundlich isotherm is used to correlate the equilibrium data
for multilayer adsorption on rough surface. This isotherm can
describe heterogeneous systems and is expressed as follows
<a href="#6">[6]</a>: </p>
<br>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-eq4.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">which can rearrange into:</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-eq5.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">where,<br>
n<sub>F</sub> = Adsorption intensity
K<sub>F</sub> = Freundlich isotherm constant (mg/g (L/mg) <sup>1/n</sup>)</p>
<p class="art-para">In general, n > 1 suggests that adsorbate is favorably
adsorbed on the adsorbent. The higher the n value the
stronger the adsorption intensity. By plotting the experimental
data on a graph of lnq<sub>e</sub> against lnC<sub>e,</sub> the 1/n<sub>F</sub> of the adsorption
intensity or surface heterogeneity can be determined.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Results and Discussion</p>
<p class="art-para">Figure 1 shows the effect of contact time and various
initial dye concentrations from 25 mg/L to 300 mg/L for MB
on the RHAC. The graph obtained shows that the adsorption
uptake increased with time. The adsorption was fast at the
beginning of contact time due to the fact that a larger number
of surface sites are available for adsorption <a href="#7">[7]</a>. Then the adsorption became slower before reaching the equilibrium as
the repulsion between the solute molecules of the solid and
bulk phase occurred. Thus the remaining surface sites were
difficult to be occupied <a href="#8">[8]</a>. The MB adsorption was increased
from 16.18 to 137.15 mg/g as the MB concentration increased
from 25 to 300 mg/L.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-figure1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The effect of initial dye concentration relies on the
available binding sites on the adsorbent surface. The increased
in initial dye concentration caused higher driving force of
mass transfer between adsorbate and adsorbent <a href="#3">[3]</a>. Three
consecutive mass transport steps are associated with the
adsorption of the solute from the solution by porous
adsorbent. First, the adsorbate migrates through the solution
by film diffusion, followed by the solute movement from the
particle surface into the interior site by pore diffusion and
finally the adsorbate is adsorbed into the active sites at the
interior of the adsorbent particle <a href="#9">[9]</a>. The linearized form of
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are shown in
Figure 2. Table 1 summarizes all the constants obtained for
MB adsorption on RHAC for both models.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-figure2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-128-table1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Based on the R<sup>2</sup> values, the adsorption isotherm fitted the
data in the order of Freundlich> Langmuir, indicating the
multilayer nature on heterogeneous surface of adsorption
process of MB onto RHAC. Relatively high n<sub>F</sub> values of 1.51
and K<sub>F</sub> values of 8.814, denoting high adsorption intensity
and adsorption capacity <a href="#9">[9]</a>. RHAC was found to have high
maximum monolayer capacity of 321.4 mg/g.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">In the present study, the adsorption of MB dye was found
to increase with increase in contact time and dye initial
concentration. Isotherm study of MB onto RHAC was best fitted by Freundlich isotherm model which indicated multilayer
adsorption process occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. Rice
husk was shown to be a promising low-cost material for the
production of RHAC with high efficiency in removing MB dye
from aqueous solution.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Acknowledgments</p>
<p class="art-para">The authors are grateful for the funding from Solid Waste
Management Cluster (RU 1001/CKT/870023) and Bridging
Grant of Universiti Sains Malaysia.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
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