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<div class="articledetails article-header clearfix">
<p class="art-type">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">Microwave assisted pyrolysis of Imperata Cylindrica
with ionic liquids pre-treatment</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="AlyaAtira Abdul Kefli<sup>1</sup>, Azduwin Khasri<sup>1</sup>, Nor Munirah Rohaizad<sup>1</sup> and Mohd Azmier Ahmad<sup>2,3*</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">
<sup>1</sup>Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus Unicity Sungai Chuchuh, Padang Besar, 02100 Perlis, Malaysia<br>
<sup>3</sup>School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia<br>
<sup>3</sup>Solid Waste Management Cluster, Science & Engineering Research Centre, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Mohd Azmier Ahmad"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, Tel: +604 5996459, Fax: +604 5996908, E-mail: <a href="mailto:chazmier@usm.my">chazmier@usm.my</a>
</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> March 28, 2017
<b>Accepted:</b> April 27, 2017
<b>Published:</b> May 3, 2017</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation: </b> Kefli AA, Khasri A, Rohaizad NM, Ahmad MA. Microwave assisted pyrolysis
of Imperata Cylindrica with ionic liquids
pre-treatment. <i>Int J Petrochem Res.</i> 2017; 1(1): 73-75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijpr-1000112">10.18689/ijpr-1000112</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2017 The Author(s). This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited. </p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijpr-1000112.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">Pyrolysis of Imperata Cylindrica via microwave irradiation pre-treated with 1-butyl-
3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IL-B) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (IL-C) as ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated. The effect of operating variables; microwave
power, particle size and IL: biomass mass ratio (MR) towards bio-oil yield were studied. At constant heating time of 20 min and nitrogen flowrate of 2L/min, the optimum
pyrolysis conditions of microwave power, particle size and MR were obtained at 700 W, = 300 &#956;m and 0.3, respectively. At this point, pyrolysis Imperata Cylindrica pretreated by
IL-B and IL-C have resulted bio-oil yield of 19.07% and 16.21%, respectively.<br>
<br>
<b>Keywords: </b>Biomass, Bio-oil, Imperata Cylindrica, Ionic liquid, Microwave, Pyrolysis</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Introduction</p>
 <p class="art-para">Presently the fossil fuel resources supplies are falling off and this situation has created
strong attraction in finding other option particularly from renewable biomass sources as
alternative energy source. Biomass contains stored energy and can be converted to pyrolysis
liquids known as the bio-oils through pyrolysis process <a href="#1">[1]</a>. Biomass pyrolysis is defined as
the thermal decomposition of the biomass organic matrix which resulted bio-oil, char and
gas as products <a href="#2">[2]</a>. Particularly bio-oil has been suitable candidates to replace petroleum
fuels to be used in various thermal devices. Bio-oil is a kind of hydro carbon with dark brown
colour, free flowing liquids with smoky odour. They are complex mixtures of compounds
that are derived from the depolymerization of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin <a href="#3">[3]</a>.<br>
<br>
A number of conventional pyrolysis technologies have been developed such as
fixed bed reactor <a href="#4">[4]</a>, vacuum pyrolysis reactor, transport bed, bubbling fluid bed, circulating fluid bed and rotating cone. However, these technologies are using external
heat source which requires high energy consumption and long processing time <a href="#5">[5]</a>. In
this study, an attempt was made in using microwave heating for pyrolysis of Imperata
Cylindrica as biomass. In addition, ILs were used for pre-treatment of the biomass for
accelerating the bio-oil production during the microwave heating.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Materials and methods</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Raw material and catalyst</b><br>
The biomass feed stock of Imperata Cylindrica or cogon grass used in this study was
obtained from Perlis, Malaysia. The sample was cut into small pieces and dried for 8 hours at
100&#176;C in an oven. Then, the samples were milled and sieved into three different ranges of
particle sizes of = 300&#956;m, 300-425&#956;m and 425-600&#956;m.The proximate analysis was carried out using thermogravimetric analyzer (Perkin Elmer TGA7, USA). The elemental analysis was performed using Elemental Analyzer (Perkin Elmer Series II 2400, USA). Extractives, hemicelluloses, lignin and cellulose concentration of Imperata Cylindrica are
shown in Table 1.</p>
<!-- Table -->
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPPR-2017-112-t001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="text-center"><b>Table 1: </b> Proximate, ultimate and component analysis of Imperata Cylindrica</p>
<!-- Table -->
<p class="art-para">1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-butyl-
3-methyl-imidazolium chloride supplied by Merck (M) Sdn. Bhd
with purity of 99% were used without any further purification.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Pre-treatment of ILs</b><br>
Before pyrolysis process,the Imperata Cylindrica was
pre-treated with IL aqueous solution. For IL to biomass mass
ratio (MR) of 0.1, IL aqueous solution was prepared by
dissolving 1.0 g of IL-B or IL-C into 34 mL of distilled water. 10
g of Imperata Cylindrica was immersed in the IL aqueous
solution followed by heating at 80&#176;C for 2 hours. Using the
same procedures, various MR were prepared by changing the
amount of IL added in distilled water.<br>
<br>
<b>Microwave-assisted pyrolysis process</b><br>
The schematic diagram of the apparatus set-up isshown in
Figure 1. The pyrolysis of biomass was carried out using a
modified commercial microwave with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The quartz tube reactor with 6 cm internal diameterand14 cm
height was installed in the cavity of the microwave. The microwave
was equipped with two condensers in series to cool down the
vapour generated during pyrolysis process. 5g of the pre-treated
biomass was placed into the quartz tube reactor. The N<sub>2</sub> gas was
purged for 5 minutes at 2 L/min to ensure inert condition of the
system. All experiments were conducted using heating time of
20 minutes and N<sub>2</sub> gas flowrate of 2 L/min. The bio-oil produced
was collected in a conical flask. For study the effect of microwave
power, particle size of less than 300&#956;m and MR of 0.3 were used. For study the effect of particle size, microwave power and MR of
700 W and 0.3 were used. For study the effect of MR on bio-oil
yield, the microwave power of 700 W and particle size of less
than 300&#956;m were used.</p>
<!-- Table -->
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPPR-2017-112-g001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="text-center"><b>Figure 1: </b> Schematic layout of microwave pyrolysis experimental setup</p>
<!-- Table -->
<p class="art-subhead">Results and discussion</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Effect of microwave power and particle sizes on pyrolysis
of Imperata Cylindrica</b></p>
<p class="art-para">Figure 2 shows the distribution of products yield using
various microwave power. The yield of solid char was the highest
followed by gas and bio-oil products. The bio-oil yield first
increased and then decreased with an increase in microwave
power (Fig.2). The maximum yield of bio-oil of 15.3% was
obtained at 700 W and decreased to 12.5% at 800 W. The
pyrolysis reaction is an endothermic process, so the yield of the
bio-oil increased by raising the microwave power. This is because
as microwave power increased, more strong organic bonds in
the sample were broken <a href="#6">[6]</a>. However, the bio-oil yield was
decreased at 800 W due to secondary thermal decomposition
of some of the compounds of bio-oil yielding gaseous product
under higher power <a href="#7">[7]</a>. Therefore, the gas yield substantially
increased but the liquid yield substantially decreased with
increasing microwave power, whereas the reduction in the solid
char yield was not so obvious. This may imply that, when product
vapors are released by the devolatilization of biomass pyrolysis, more hydrocarbons in the vapors can be converted into
permanent gases at higher power.</p>
<!-- Table -->
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPPR-2017-112-g002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="text-center"><b>Figure 2: </b> Effect of microwave power on product yield</p>
<!-- Table -->
<p class="art-para">Figure 3 shows the effect of particle sizes on the product
distribution using microwave power at 700 W.It can be seen
that char and bio-oil yields decreased where as gas yield
increased as the particle size increased up to 425-600 &#956;m. The
maximum bio-oil yield of 13.9% was obtained at particle size
less than 300 &#956;m. This is due to the fact that smaller particles
promote the heat and mass transfer to form uniform
temperature within particles during pyrolysis, thereby
enhancing the bio-oil production and secondary cracking of
solid residue by restraining the vapour formation. At lower
particle size ranges, more residence time of volatiles inside
the reactor results in the heavier molecules cracking in to
lower molecules and thus lead to rise of gaseous product <a href="#4">[4]</a>. Larger particles will heat up more slowly compared to small
particles, so the average particle temperature is lower and
hence affects the product yield. Particle size less than 300&#956;m
and microwave power of 700 W, which gave the highest biooil
yield were used in the following section.</p>
<!-- Table -->
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPPR-2017-112-g003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="text-center"><b>Figure 3: </b> Effect of particle size on product yield</p>
<!-- Table -->
<p class="art-para"><b>Effect of MR on pyrolysis of Imperata Cylindrica</b><br>
Figure 4 shows that lowest bio-oil yield produced without
IL under microwave heating indicates that the presence of ILs
showed positive effect on the bio-oil yield. This is due to the
capability of ILs to adsorb microwave energy effectively, leading to rapid rise of reaction temperature and the
promotion of biomass pyrolysis and thus results in increased
of bio-oil yield. Furthermore, the pre-treatment has been
trialled to reduce the lignin content, generally the most
thermally resistant compound in the lingo cellulosic biomass, so that the pyrolysis bio-oil yields can be enhanced. Lateef et
al. stated that ILs could interact with terminal OH groups of
lignin, subsequently disrupting the internal network within
the lignin molecule, resulting in the dissolution of lignin <a href="#8">[8]</a>. As
can be seen in the figure, both ILs have shown increase pattern
when the MR was increased. However, IL-B shows better
performance than IL-C in producing bio-oil. The bio-oil yield
produced for IL-B and IL-C were between 15.54 to 19.07% and 13.12 to 16.21%, respectively. Although both ionic liquids
possessed the same cation but different anion (Cl- and BF4
-). In
addition, IL-B anion was found to be more efficient in the
depolymerization of cellulose and hemicelluloses during the
pretreatment step thus more bio-oil was produced compared
to IL-C <a href="#9">[9]</a>. Therefore, it can be concluded that anions of ILs
have important effect on the dissolution of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin component <a href="#10">[10]</a>.</p>
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<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/IJPPR-2017-112-g004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="text-center"><b>Figure 4: </b> Effect of MR on bio-oil yield</p>
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<p class="art-subhead">Conclusion</p>
<p class="art-para">The optimum conditions for pyrolysis of Imperata
Cylindrica using microwave heating which pre-treatment with
two ILs were obtained. Under the optimum conditions of microwave power of 700 W, particle size less than 300&#956;m and
MR of 0.3, the maximum bio-oil yield of 19.07% 16.21% for
sample treated with IL-B and IL-C, respectively.IL-B shows
better performance than IL-C in producing bio-oil. This study
shows that the pre-treatment of biomass using ILs prior to
pyrolysis had successfully increased the bio-oil yield. Thus, ILs
pretreatment showed optimistic outcome on the pyrolysis of
biomass under microwave heating.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Acknowledgements</p>
<p class="art-para">This research was supported by Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia (MOHE) under Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS) through the project number 9003-00382.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">References</p>
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</ol>   
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