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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Review Article</p>
<p class="art-title">The Effect of increase of NO<sub>x</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> on Grain and Fish Production, Protection of Global Warming and Climate</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Shoichiro Ozaki<sup>*</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wokoshi Saitama, Japan</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Shoichiro Ozaki"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wokoshi Saitama, Japan, Tel: + 81 0467 67 0991, E-mail: <a href="mailto:ozaki-0991@jcom.zaq.ne.jp">ozaki-0991@jcom.zaq.ne.jp</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> November 15, 2018 <b>Accepted:</b> December 11, 2018 <b>Published:</b> December 20, 2018</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Ozaki S. The Effect of increase of NOx and CO2 on Grain and Fish Production, Protection of Global Warming and Climate. <i>Int J Earth Sci Geol</i>. 2018; 1(1): 41-45. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijeg-1000104">10.18689/ijeg-1000104</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2018 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijeg-1000104.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
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<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">In order to study the reason why global warming is happening, the amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> emission, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration NO<sub>x</sub> emission, grain production, fish production, population and CO<sub>2</sub> fix from 1900 to 2016 were studied.</p>
<p class="art-para">Since the industrial revolution, burning of fossil and production of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> increased greatly, increased CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> promoted the CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation and production of grain and fish increased. About 360 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is produced by burning of much fossil. About 14.4 billion tone NO<sub>x</sub> is produced in 2015. Most of emitted CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation. But since developed country started NO<sub>x</sub> elimination and NP elimination at around 1975, half of produced NO<sub>x</sub> is eliminated. Therefore emitted 360 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is not fixed completely. Concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> increased about 2 ppm. In 2016, 142
billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is remaining to give global warming. 142 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> must be reduced. We must promote CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation by complete use of emitting NO<sub>x</sub> and NP in waste water.</p>
<p class="art-para">Fossil fuel is burning out soon. We should not spend precious fossil fuel for the elimination of NO<sub>x</sub> and NP. We must increase CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation as much as possible.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Global warming; Climate; CO<sub>2</sub> emission; Fossil fuel</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">The Earth is warmed by the fossil fuel burning releasing CO<sub>2</sub> and heat. The plant is growing by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation absorbing CO<sub>2</sub> producing carbohydrate and O2
. If we can compensate the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> and heat with the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> and heat by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, global warming can be protected <a href="#1" id="ref1">[1</a>-<a href="#26" id="ref26">26]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">CO<sub>2</sub> react with water and by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation to produce carbohydrate and oxygen. Carbohydrate turns to cellulose, tree, plant and plankton. Tree turns to coal, plankton into oil in many billion years.</p>
<p class="art-para">Our human being are using these fossil fuels and enjoying civilized life. Animal including fish can live by eating plant and plankton. Animal releases CO<sub>2</sub> by respiration. Released CO<sub>2</sub> react with water to give carbohydrate. CO<sub>2</sub> is cycling in such way shown in figure 1.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijeg-104-f001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation is accelerated by fertilizers like Nutrient nitrogen and Phosphorous. Nature set up the system to change Nitrogen gas to nutrient nitrogen, nitrogen oxide by the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen. The reaction needs high temperature. High temperature is obtained by burning of something like wood, fossil fuel or by thunder. By burning, CO<sub>2</sub> is produced and NO<sub>x</sub> is also produced. The ratio of CO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> is around 25/1. When 1 tone fossil is burned, 1 &#215;
44/14=3.14 tone CO<sub>2</sub> is produced. 3.14 &#215; 1/25=0.125 tone NO<sub>x</sub> is produced.</p>
<p class="art-para">When 140 billion tone fossil is burned. And 140 &#215;
44/14=440 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is produced. And 440 &#215; 1/25=17.6
billion tone NO<sub>x</sub> is produced. By the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> production, CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation is promoted greatly. I wish to describe the relation of global warming, CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, production of grain, fish and showed the best method to protect global warming.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">CO<sub>2</sub> Assimilation is promoted by Increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub></p>
<p class="art-para">Since plant growth by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation reaction, velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation is carried out in proportion to the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, Sunshine, Nutrient N, Nutrient P as shown by following equation.</p>
<p class="art-para">v = A (CO<sub>2</sub>) (H<sub>2</sub>O) (sunshine) (N) (P)</p>
<p class="art-para">Since the industrial revolution, burning of fossil and production of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> increased greatly. CO<sub>2</sub> emission, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, NO<sub>x</sub> emission, Grain production, Fish production, Population, CO<sub>2</sub> fix from 1990 to 2016 are shown in table 1.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijeg-104-t001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Weight of vegetation of world increased about 2 times since the industrial revolution, area of tropical rain wood area increased very much since these several 10 years.</p>
<p class="art-para">Total weight of wood is said to be 800 billion tones. Professor Tadashi Watanabe <a href="#27" id="ref27">[27]</a> of Tokyo Science University tells the reason is the increase of CO<sub>2</sub>. I think the reason is the increase of NO<sub>x</sub> <a href="#1" id="ref1">[1</a>-<a href="#26" id="ref26">26]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Zaichun Zou reported the change of global change of leaf area from 1982-2009. Total area of increased green is 18
million km<sup>2</sup>, double of USA area <a href="#28" id="ref28">[28]</a>. The effect s of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> on climate and plant growth are studied by many investigators <a href="#29" id="ref29">[29</a>-<a href="#41" id="ref41">41]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">The increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> production increased the CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation. The increase of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation increased the production of grain and fish. The production of grain in
1960 was 0.85 billion tone whereas in 2010 was 2.6 billion tone which is 3 times higher <a href="#42" id="ref42">[42</a>,<a href="#43" id="ref43">43]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">The production of grain in India increased 5 times from
1950 to 2010. In 1950-0.5 billion tone, 1960-0.7 billion tone, 1970-1 billion tone, 1980-1.2 billion tone, 1990-1.7 billion tone, 2000-2.2 billion tone, 2010-2.5 billion tone, CO<sub>2</sub> emission is now 24 billion tone. NO<sub>x</sub> emission increased to 1 billion tone. The increase of NO<sub>x</sub> contributed for the production of
2.5 billion tone grain. Population of India increased 1951-3.8
billion to 2014-12.5 billion. 3.3 times grain production increased 5 times.</p>
<p class="art-para">Fish production of the world increased. In 1940, 20 million tone, in 1960, 35 million tones, in 1980 45 million tone, in
1990 80 million tone, in 2000 130 million tone, in 2010 130
million tone, in 2016 200 million tone. China increased fish production 57 times from 1960 to 2017. In 1960 1.5 million tone, 1970 2 million tone, 1980-3 million tones, 1990-4 million tone, 1997-16.33 million tons, 2002-16.33 million tons, 2016-78.38 million tone, 2017-85.3 million tone. China produced
106 billion tones CO<sub>2</sub> and 4 billion tons NO<sub>x</sub>. 4 billion tons NO<sub>x</sub> contributed for the increase of nitrogen concentration of sea, and growth of plankton, increase of fish production <a href="#44" id="ref44">[44]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">China produced 4 billion tons NO<sub>x</sub>. This NO<sub>x</sub> increased nitrogen concentration of sea. East China sea in now top fishing sea. The three big fishing seas were North Pacific Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, West of South America. These seas were rich in nutrient NP caused by countercurrent of deep sea water NP rich deep sea with NP poor surface sea water.</p>
<p class="art-para">When CO<sub>2</sub> concentration increases, yield of grain increased about 30%. The concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> at green house is kept at
1000-1500 ppm. Normal concentration of air is 400 ppm. Therefore the concentration at green house is 2.5-3.75 times higher than normal air CO<sub>2</sub>. The tree at population dense big city growth much rapidly than normal district.</p>
<p class="art-para">NO<sub>x</sub> is very effective promotor of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation. Therefore the production of grain and fish increased proportionally to the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub>. In 1900, 20
billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 20 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In
1920 30 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 30 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 1940 50 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 50 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 1960 100 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and
100 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 100 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. After 1980, amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emission and fix become different. Fix amount become smaller than emission <a href="#45" id="ref45">[45</a>,<a href="#46" id="ref46">46]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">In 1980 200 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 180 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 1990 220 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and
140 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 2000 250 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 160 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 2010 300 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 160 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. In 2016
360 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted and 220 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> is fixed. Amount of CO<sub>2</sub> fix is 140 billion tones less than emission. This is caused by the elimination of NO<sub>x</sub> and NP. CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation is retarded by NO<sub>x</sub>, NP elimination.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">CO<sub>2</sub> Assimilation must be promoted by Stopping of NO<sub>x</sub> elimination and by Stopping of Waste water Purification <a href="#21" id="ref21">[21]</a></p>
<p class="art-para">In 2015 fossil 140 billion ton was burned and CO<sub>2</sub> 360
billion ton and NO<sub>x</sub> 14.4 billion ton are produced. If we use all NO<sub>x</sub> for the fixing of CO<sub>2</sub>, we can fix 14.4 &#215; 25 &#215; 10<Sup>8</Sup>=360 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub>. But NO<sub>x</sub> is hated as pollution gas causing illness. Many governments of developed countries set up very strict law to eliminate NO<sub>x</sub> in burned gas and forced to eliminate NO<sub>x</sub> using ammonia. To eliminate NO<sub>x</sub>, huge amount of ammonia is necessary and huge amount of fossil is burned.</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijeg-104-e001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Elimination of NO<sub>x</sub> is promoting global warming three ways. One is retardation of CO<sub>2</sub> fix. Two is increase of CO<sub>2</sub> by using much butane. Three is consumption of precious fuel for the production of ammonia.</p>
<p class="art-para">About 0.5 billion tone phosphorous and 10 billion tone nutrias nitrogen are contained in waste water. By using this phosphorous and nitrogen, 100 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> can be fixed and
37.5 billion ton plankton can be produced and fish 1.5 billion ton can be produced. Animal eat food containing P and exclude excreta containing P. When toilet disposal and drainage are sent to excreta disposal treatment plant P in water was made to water insoluble mass, mixed with cement and made to concrete and buried in soil. Plant cannot use P any more <a href="#1" id="ref1">[1]</a>. This process use huge electricity and consume much fossil fuel. Around 10 billion tone fossil and producing 30 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub>. For the elimination of one phosphorous, about 25 carbon fossil is used and about 25
CO<sub>2</sub> is produced. One phosphorous can fix 56 CO<sub>2</sub> <a href="#10" id="ref10">[10]</a>. The phosphorous and nitrogen elimination process should be avoided. Excreta is best food for plant. Ocean dumping, field dumping and forest dumping of excreta are recommended to increase CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation.</p>
<p class="art-para">I wish to propose plan that NO<sub>x</sub> elimination should be stopped and waste water purification should be stopped. Then CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation is promoted and food production increase and global warming can be stopped.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Heat Balance of Earth <a href="#24" id="ref24">[24]</a></p>
<p class="art-para">On earth 140 billion tone fossil fuel is burned and CO<sub>2</sub> 3.6
&#215; 10<sup>10</sup> t was produced. And 7.4 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal is produced. When we consider the heat produced by animal respiration, 7.4 &#215;
10<sup>15</sup> kcal &#215; 4.6/3.6=9.45 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal is produced.</p>
<p class="art-para">The earth is also warmed by the heat of atomic energy. Uranium produces 2 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal heat. Electricity generation capacity of the world is 16868 Tetra watt h. Electricity generation by atomic energy is 2086 Tetra watt h. Therefore
7.4 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> &#215; 2986/ 10868=2.02 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal evolved by atomic energy.</p>
<p class="art-para">The earth is also warmed by the heat evolved by animal. Human being eats 1000 kcal food every day and release heat
1000 kcal every day. Population of the world is 76 billion. Therefore human being is releasing 1000 &#215; 365&#215; 76 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup>=2.8 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal in one year. Animal other than human being, caw, bird, whales, seal are producing heat. We can estimate as same as human being 2.8 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal. Therefore total heat is fossil burning produce 7.4 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal, atomic energy produce
2.02 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal. Human being produces 2.8 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal. Other animal produce 2.8 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal.</p>
<p class="art-para">Total heat produced is (7.4+2.02+2.8+2.8) &#215; 10<sup>15</sup>=15.02
&#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal. We must absorb 15.02 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal by CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation.</p>
<p class="art-para">CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation must be promoted by stopping of NO<sub>x</sub> elimination and by stopping waste water elimination. By stopping NO<sub>x</sub> elimination.14.4 billion tone NO<sub>x</sub> can fix 14,4 &#215;
25=360 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> . Amount of N.P in drainage is around
10 billion tone. By using this 10 billion tone N.P, we can fix 10
&#215; 25=250 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub>. By adding 360+250=610 billion tone CO<sub>2</sub> can be fixed. And we can absorb 15 &#215; 10<sup>15</sup> kcal. And earth can be cooled down.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Electricity Generation by Solar System</p>
<p class="art-para">Construction of solar mega system by the sacrifice of wood is not clever way. 1 hector, 1000 m<sup>2</sup> wood can absorb heart 3.8 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> kcal and can fix 13.7 tone CO<sub>2</sub>. Heart absorption efficiency of solar system cell is 1/3 of green leaf of tree. Solar system cell cannot fix CO<sub>2</sub>. For the preparation of solar cell material, much fossil fuel is necessary generating almost same amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in compared with the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> and electricity by burning of fossil fuel. Therefore construction of solar mega system by the sacrifice of wood is promoting global warming.</p>
<p class="art-para">1000 m<sup>2</sup> cell can generate 114000 kWh and can save 7.5 t CO<sub>2</sub> and can absorb 1.3 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> kcal. For the production of 1000m<sup>2</sup> cell 5 tone CO<sub>2</sub> is produced. Electricity generation should be done at no green land. The house located near wood, cooler is unnecessary. But the house located near solar mega system, cooler is necessary at summer.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Fossil Fuel is burned out soon</p>
<div class="art-img">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijeg-104-t002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">When fossil is burned out, we need not worry about global warming. We must worry how we can live civilized life. How can we drive car, air plane, and agriculture machine?
How can we generate electricity? How can we make plastic. We must save the consumption of fossil. We should not spend precious fossil for the elimination of NO<sub>x</sub>, NP. We must depend on wood.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Electricity Generation should be done by Coal <a href="#18" id="ref18">[18]</a></p>
<p class="art-para">IPCC asking electricity generation by oil and natural gas than coal, because coals generate more CO<sub>2</sub> than oil. But I think coal is better for the generation of electricity to save the consumption of oil. The difference of CO<sub>2</sub> generation by both fuels is not so much different. CO<sub>2</sub> increase can be saved by the decrease of CO<sub>2</sub> emission by stopping NO<sub>x</sub> elimination procedure. When we compare buried amount, coal (132
years) is 3 times as much as oil (42 years) and natural gas (60
years). We can manufacture many kind of chemical and plastic from oil. Oil is more convenient as transportation fuels. Therefore oil and natural gas are 3 times more precious than coal. Price of coal is 1/3 of oil. Therefore we can generate electricity by coal at low price. The price of electricity is very important for the competition of productive industry. The year of oil scare is coming in 50 years. Then we must do liquefaction of coal to get liquid fuel for transportation. In this process, about half energy of coal is lost. We can enjoy our civilized life longer by saving the consumption of oil and natural gas.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Summary</p>
<p class="art-para">Global warming and fossil fuel burn out can be protected by the promotion of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation by supply of nutrient N and P by following 8 items.</p>
<ul class="art-para" style="margin-left:40px">
<li> Elimination process of NO<sub>x</sub> in power station, chemical station and iron work station should be stopped.</li>
<li> Elimination process of nutrient N and P in drainage should be stopped. Ocean dumping, field dumping and forest dumping of excreta are recommended.</li>
<li> Agitate deep sea water (rich in nutrient N and P) with shallow sea water (poor in nutrient N and P).</li>
<li> Promotion of food and wood production at as wider area as possible as we can.</li>
<li> Stop the unproductive uses of fossil fuel. Like war, auto race, leisure cruising, leisure trip.</li>
<li> Stop the unnecessary economic stimulus measures such as renewal of building and car and construction of unnecessary building, road and rail way.</li>
<li> Restriction rule of NO<sub>x</sub>emission of car should be loosed.</li>
<li> Stop the construction of solar cell system by the sacrifice of wood.</li>
</ul>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">References</p>
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