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<li><a href="#articleinfo">Article Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Letter to Editor</p>
<p class="art-title">How the <i>Tresino</i> Phase-Transition Heats the Solar 
Corona and Energizes the Solar Wind
</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Frederick J. Mayer"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">Mayer Applied Research Inc., USA</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Frederick J. Mayer"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Mayer Applied Research Inc. 1417 Dicken Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA, E-mail: <a href="mailto:fred@frederickjmayer.net">fred@frederickjmayer.net</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b>  July 05, 2023 <b>Accepted:</b> July 12, 2023 <b>Published:</b> July 19, 2023</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Mayer FJ. How the <i>Tresino</i> PhaseTransition Heats the Solar Corona and Energizes the Solar
Wind. <i>Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys</i>. 2023; 5(1): 208-209. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijcaa-1000139">10.18689/ijcaa-1000139</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2023 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">This Letter describes the basic physics and primary role the tresino phase-transition 
plays in heating the solar corona and energizing the solar wind</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Tresinos, coronal heat, solar wind</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">My previous Letter [1] dealt with the largest example of “how the tresino phase-transition impacts the dynamics of our galaxy”; yet, it overlooked the important early 
observations of the heating of the solar corona and the solar wind. Many solar scientists 
have questioned such observations by asking “how can the corona be so relatively hot 
while the solar surface is so relatively cold?” This Letter represents my suggestion about 
the basic physics responsible for such observations, once again the tresino phase-transition. Readers unfamiliar with tresinos might benefit from reading the History and 
Introduction section and the references of my previous Letter to the Editor [1] which 
dealt with the general question of how the tresino phase-transition impacts the dynamics 
of our galaxy. Here, I consider observations specific to the heating of the solar corona 
and the solar wind. Many solar scientists have wondered how the corona can be so 
relatively hot while the solar surface is so relatively cold. This Letter presents my 
understanding of the basic physics responsible for such observations - it is again the 
tresino phase-transition</p>
<p class="art-subhead">Interpreting The AVRETT and LOESER Data Plot</p>
<p class="art-para">I begin by introducing the now-classic data plot from the important solar-data 
paper of Avrett and Loeser [2]. Fig.1 is my annotated reproduction of their Figure 8. For 
now, focus on the temperature curve (T in red) and the turbulent velocity (V in green), 
both of which have clearly undergone some sort of phase-transformation, apparently 
originating close to the solar surface ≈2200 (km). The resolution (measurement accuracy) 
of the data points is not sufficient to resolve the exact location of the phase-transition, 
but it must be very close to the surface of the Sun as indicated in the annotated figure 
with the plasma density at ≈ 5 × 1010/cm<sup>3</sup>, noted as SOLAR EDGE in Fig.1</p>
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<p class="art-para">
Next, notice that the plasma evaporated from the solar 
surface must, of course, decrease as it expands but it will only 
be able to do so until it reaches the tresino phase-transition 
density previously found to be 1.6 × 109/cm3 in [1] and noted 
as in NEW ENERGY Fig 1. In other words, at this density, 
tresinos are formed (as discussed in [1]) as two electrons pair-up to form tandem electron pairs before combining with a 
nearby proton and creating the stable, the bound-state 
composite, the tresino which releases its 3.7 keV of binding 
energy. Because there are so many such transitions taking 
place at the same time, the energy released is enormous 
rather like an explosion (as in Coronal Mass Ejections [1]).</p>
<p class="art-para">
This massive amount of additional energy resulting from 
tresino formation NEW ENERGY marked in red, is the 
explanation for the additional heat in the corona relative to 
the surface of the Sun. It is also the catalyst for solar winds (V 
in green). If this did not happen there would have been no 
heating of the corona (T in red) nor would there have been 
the solar-wind (V in green) as the tresino phase-transition 
clearly suggests.</p>
<p class="art-para">
It is clear why understanding the coronal heating and the 
solar wind have been difficult to understand. First, because 
the solar-physics community has not yet recognized tresino 
physics, and secondly because the tresino phase- transition 
occurs so very close to the solar surface making it difficult to 
resolve within such a small zone. Much has been made of the 
difficulty explaining coronal heating and considerable 
research has been devoted to it (as can be observed in the 
recent review by Hui Tian [3] concerning the solar transition 
region. Until the solar-physics community understands the 
process and implications of tresino phase-transitions, it will 
remain mysterious.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Closing Remarks</p>
<p class="art-para">
The results of this Letter along with those of my previous 
Letter [1] answer many vexing issues in solar-astrophysics. 
Others may yield, as well, if the results of the tresino phase-transitions are taken into account. One interesting example is 
that other tresinos such as deuterons instead of protons can 
play a role due to the fact that such deuteron-tresinos may 
produce some nuclear reactions further changing the 
composition of the evolving plasma. Of course, considering 
this may take some time until the physics has become well-understood and accepted by the solar-physics community
</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Dedication</p>
<p class="art-para">
I dedicate this Letter to my late mentor, collaborator, and 
friend, Dr. John R. Reitz, without whose efforts this work would 
not have become possible</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">References</p>
<ol>
<li class="ref"><div id="1">Mayer FJ. <a href="https://madridge.org/journal-of-cosmology-astronomy-and-astrophysics/ijcaa-1000137.pdf" target="_blank">How the Tresino phase-transition is driven to ignite Coronal 
Mass Ejections</a>. <i>Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys</i>. 2023; 5(1): 202-204. doi: 
10.18689/ijcaa-1000137&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref1"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">Avrett EH, Loeser R. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/523671" target="_blank">Models of the Solar Chromosphere and Transition 
Region from SUMER and HRTS Observations: Formation of the 
Extreme-Ultraviolat Spectrum of Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. 2008; 175(1). doi: 
10.1086/523671&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref2"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3">Hui Tian. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/17/11/110" target="_blank">Probing the solar transition region: current status and 
future perspectives</a>. <i>Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 2017; 
17(11): 110. doi: 10.1088/1674-4527/17/11/110&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref3"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
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