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<li><a href="#articleinfo">Article Info</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#discussion">Discussion</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">The Dark Matter: The Functional Unit Dark Matter 
with the Black Holes
</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Gerd Helmecke<sup>1
*</sup>, Ulrich Herkenrath<sup>2</sup>"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl"><sup>1</sup>
Facharzt fuer Innere Medizin, Erfurtstr. 33, D-53757 St. Augustin, Germany<br/><sup>2</sup>
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hans-Weber-Str. 1, D-53773 Hennef, Germany</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Gerd Helmecke"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Facharzt für Innere Medizin
Erfurtstr. 33,
D-53757 St. Augustin,
Germany, E-mail: <a href="mailto: dok-helmecke@t-online.de">dok-helmecke@t-online.de</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b>  April 15, 2023 <b>Accepted:</b> June 09, 2023 <b>Published:</b> June 19, 2023</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Helmecke G, Herkenrath U. The 
Dark Matter: The Functional Unit Dark 
Matter with the Black Holes. <i>Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys</i>. 2023; 5(1): 205-207. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijcaa-1000138">10.18689/ijcaa-1000138</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2023 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
<p><a href="<?php echo $extpath;?><?php echo $jres['journal_link'];?>/ijcaa-1000138.pdf" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" target="_blank">Download PDF</a></p>
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<div class="articlecontent">
<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">This article is devoted to the enigmatic concept of the Dark Matter, a postulated 
form of matter that is not directly observable but is believed to exert a gravitational 
force. Its existence is inferred based on the standard cosmological model that explains 
the motion of visible matter; including the velocity of stars orbiting their galaxy centers. 
The character of dark matter is a mystery in cosmology.</p>
<p class="art-para">
In the paper "From the Synchronization of the Atom via Gravity to the Organization 
of the Universe", the theory was developed by the authors that gravity is an 
electromagnetic phenomenon. In this work now it is explained that dark matter is 
produced by electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, the authors suggest that for the 
preservation of the conventional three-dimensional space exactly these gravitational 
fields are decisive. By this theory, the existence of galaxies, which originate from the 
present big bang, but are billions of light-years away, is explained.</p>
<p class="art-para">
In summary, the authors form a holistic model that captures dimensionalities higher 
than three, gravity, the wave theory of the atomic model, the jet stream of black holes, 
and the nature of dark matter.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Functional Unit Black Hole and Dark Matter, Three-dimensional Space (3D 
Space), Superdimensionality, Galaxy distance, Big Bang, Gravitational Force</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">The Gravitation</p>
<p class="art-para">The electromagnetic structure of atoms was postulated in the work "From the 
Synchronization of the Atom via Gravity to the Organization of the Universe" as cause 
of the gravitation. This is based on the hypothesis that in the interaction of positive and 
negative Loadings an imbalance occurs. By interactions of these loadings an accumulation 
of matter in the sense of gravitation is made possible.</p>
<p class="art-para"> 
As explained by the authors in the October 2022 paper on the black hole jet stream, 
the jet stream consists of radiated gravitational energy according to the fact that equal 
charges repel each other. If one assumes the possibility, the radiated charges do not 
drift apart, but are caught in an energy ball, similar to the phenomenon of a ball 
lightning, a stable gravitational field results from it.</p>
<p class="art-para">
The existence of the dark matter speaks for such a possibility. On the one hand this 
dark matter cannot be observed optically, on the other hand the effects which come 
from it are not to be denied. A gravitational field can cancel these contradictions and 
explain comprehensively.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">The Dark Matter as Gravitational Field</p>
<p class="art-para">As already explained above, the rotation should provide 
the necessary stability - similar to the ball lightning. According 
to Einstein’s theory of relativity such an electromagnetic field 
in rotation would move with speed of light in itself. For every 
observer, who moves with lower speed, a change of this 
system cannot be grasped temporally, i.e., the system is 
stable. Only for the explanation, in the ball lightning electrons 
move with "only" 1/3 of the speed of light, therefore no 
timeless system is present.</p>
<p class="art-para">
If these gravity fields are stable, however, they can outlast 
the time when all matter has been absorbed by the black 
holes. From these results inevitably:The three-dimensional 
space structure doesn't expire when all matter has been 
transferred into a super dimensionality by the black holes.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
The Distances of the Galaxies</p>
<p class="art-para">
In the explanations of the astrophysics the opinion is 
widely valid that the big bang originated from a singularity. 
But if from one single point the condensation of the matter 
should have taken place, there are difficulties to explain the 
distances of the single galaxies. The propagation velocity 
from a singulation point cannot give a plausible explanation 
for the different distances.</p>
<p class="art-para">
But since there is a propagation constant in the cosmos, 
some other cause must have led to these contradictory 
results. In our publication "Foundations for a new basis 
cosmos model" is explained that the number of dimensions is 
greater than four.</p>
<p class="art-para">
Such an overdimensionality, is the explanation. From our 
observations we know, the matter which is absorbed by a 
black hole disappears from our observation possibilities. It is 
to be assumed, it leaves the three-dimensional space and is 
transferred into a higher dimensional system, because 
otherwise it would be detectable.</p>
<p class="art-subhead">
Consequences of Over Dimensionality</p>
<p class="art-para">It is certain, distances between two places depend on the 
dimensionality. Thus, the distance of two points on a sphere 
depends on whether I measure over the surface of the sphere 
or in the form of a section as a secant. If one assumes, the 
phenomenon of the distance of points is dependent also in 
superdimensional spaces on the kind of the measuring 
method, then it is probable that at the condensation of the 
matter at the big bang the distances do not apply as we 
measure now between the galaxies.</p>
<p class="art-para">
As stated in previous sections, the gravitational fields, 
produced by the jet stream of black holes, probably lead to 
condensation points for matter in three-dimensional space. It 
must be considered, these distances, which we measure 
today,do not fit to the position of the points to each other in 
the superdimensional space.</p>
<p class="art-para">
According to our today's knowledge every galaxy has a 
black hole. This fact supports the thesis, the former gravitational fields become black holes by the big bang and 
take over now with new formation of a jet stream the repeated 
formation of gravitational fields. With it the cycle of the 
resorption of the matter closes then to the new formation by 
a further big bang.</p>

<p class="art-subhead">Summary</p>
<p class="art-para">
<b><u>The dark matter and the black holes form therefore a 
functional unit</b></u> which allows to transfer matter into a 
superdimensional form and to reactivate it afterwards again as 
matter. Even if in this way the origin and dissolution of the 
cosmos can be explained, it is nevertheless not the solution 
what is the Primal Principle for this system at all.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b><i>
Independently of this core question it is to be noted: Wave 
theory of the atom and matter, gravitation, the jet stream 
of black holes, dark matter and superdimensionality now 
harmonize in a holistic model</i></b>.</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">References</p>
<ol>
<li class="ref"><div id="1">De Boer K. <a href="https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~deboer/pdm/pdmdmtxt.html" target="_blank">Dunkle Materie. Weshalb? Wieviel? Wo?</a> Abgerufen am 
22.03.23 von der Universität Bonn. 2011.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref1"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">Helmecke G, Herkenrath U. <a href="https://madridge.org/journal-of-cosmology-astronomy-and-astrophysics/ijcaa-1000134.php" target="_blank">The Jetstream of Black Holes-Gravitation as 
Electromagnetic Phenomenon</a>. <i>International Journal of Cosmology 
Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 2022; 4(2): 192-195. doi: 10.18689/
ijcaa-1000134&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref2"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="3">Helmecke G, Herkenrath U. The new Atomic Model. 2016; E-ISSN NO: 
2455-295X 20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref3"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="4">Helmecke G, Herkenrath U. From the synchronization of the atom via 
gravity to the organization of the universe. <i>Romanian Astronomical</i>. 
2008; 18(1).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref4"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
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