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<p class="art-type" id="articleinfo">Research Article</p>
<p class="art-title">The Shape of the Universe</p>
<p class="art-author"><?php $authors="Alireza Emami Meybodi"; echo (stristr($authors,$coauthor))?str_replace($coauthor,"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>",$authors):$authors; ?></p>
<p class="art-affl">QOM, Iran</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>*Corresponding author: <?php $corresponding_author="Alireza Emami Meybodi"; echo ($coauthor!="" && $coauthor==$corresponding_author)?"<a href='".$extpath."authors/".$courl."' target='_blank'>".$coauthor."</a>":$corresponding_author;?></b>, Retired Scientist, QOM, Iran, E-mail: <a href="mailto:physichasti@yahoo.com">physichasti@yahoo.com</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Received:</b> August 22, 2022 <b>Accepted:</b> September 25, 2022 <b>Published:</b> October 06, 2022</p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Citation:</b> Meybodi AE. The Shape of the Universe. <i>Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys</i>. 2022; 4(2): 189-191. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.18689/ijcaa-1000133">10.18689/ijcaa-1000133</a></p>
<p class="art-aff"><b>Copyright:</b> &copy; 2022 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p>
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<p class="art-subhead" id="abstract">Abstract</p>
<p class="art-para">In this paper, we try to discover the shape of the universe based on the influence that it has on some of the laws of physics. Specifically, we examine the famous equations of the special relativity and conclude that those equations can be only valid and described well, if we are living on a closed universe. This is a novel approach that we took for determining the shape of the universe.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Keywords:</b> Universe, Shape of the Universe, Four-dimensional space, Cosmology.</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="intro">Introduction</p>
<p class="art-para">Are we living in a finite universe? If we are, how much is its size and mass? How can we imagine boundaries for our universe? These questions have been the matter of debate in the past century and their answers lie in the field of cosmology. It is well known that the universe can be described based on one of the following models.</p>
<p class="art-para">&#8226;	 Flat or Euclidean Universe spread infinitely, and it does not have any boundaries.</p>
<p class="art-para">&#8226;	 Open Universe which has a negative curvature, spreading infinitely without any boundaries</p>
<p class="art-para">&#8226;	 Closed Universe, which has a positive curvature like a sphere. Therefore, both its size and mass are finite, but like a sphere it does not have any center or edges.</p>
<p class="art-para">To find out which model is correct, we can use the Friedmann equations. According to this equation if the average density of the universe is higher than a critical value, then we can say that we are living on a closed universe. On the other hand, if the average density of the universe is below the critical density required by the Friedmann equation, the universe is open. In other words, the density of the universe plays a critical role in our judgement about the shape of the universe and unfortunately we cannot precisely determine the average density due to some reasons such as the amount of black matter in the universe.</p>
<p class="art-para">There is a fundamental law in the cosmology stating that the same laws of physics existing on our planet also governs across the universe for all time. Therefore, as we can say the structure of the universe follows the same laws of the physics governing the nature, the laws of the physics are influenced by the structure of the universe as well. In other words, there is a bilateral relation between the laws of the physics and the shape of the universe<a href="#1" id="ref1">[1]</a>.</p>
<p class="art-para">Based on the aforementioned principal, although there are some physical laws which can be valid regardless of the shape of the universe, the validity of some laws strongly relies on the model of the universe. This principal gives us a novel different approach that we can use for understanding the shape of the universe. In the rest of the paper, we assume that we are living on a closed universe curving back on itself like a sphere but in a four-dimensional space. Then, based on that assumption we obtain some equations explaining the behaviour of an object in our universe. If its behaviour matches our experiences and the other well-known laws of physics, it means that our assumption has been correct.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The Dimensions of the Universe</b></p>
<p class="art-para">Assuming that the universe is finite and there is a body with the mass of m inside it (<a href="#f001">Fig.1</a>). The net gravitational force exerted on the body by the rest masses is expressed by:</p>
<p class="art-para"><div class="art-img" id="e001">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Where,</p>
<p class="art-para">G = gravitational Constant</p>
<p class="art-para">R<sub>O</sub> = the effective radius of the universe</p>
<p class="art-para">M<sub>O</sub> = the effective mass of the universe</p>
<div class="art-img" id="f001">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-f001.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">If that body moves with the velocity of V, a centrifugal force will be sensed by the body due to the curvature of the universe (<a href="#f002">Fig.2</a>). It equals to:</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e002">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<div class="art-img" id="f002">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-f002.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">If F<sub>m</sub> is balanced by F<sub>v</sub>, V will be the most theoretical speed that a body can take. Because if F<sub>v</sub> becomes greater than , the body will get out of the space of the universe.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e003">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e003.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">Moreover, it is experimentally confirmed that no object, in the universe, can exceed the speed of light in the free space. Hence, it is reasonable to substitute the speed of light for the maximum speed given by &#8220;Eq. (3)&#8221;.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e004">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e004.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The constituents of the &#8220;Eq (4)&#8221; are fundamentals of the universe. Therefore, we name it the equation of the universe. The equation of the universe will lead to some consequences. If we can confirm those consequences, then we can say that the equation of the universe is correct. This confirmation will in turn result in being on a closed universe.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The Mass and Energy Relation</b></p>
<p class="art-para">Assuming the universe is finite, the gravitational binding energy of a body with the mass of m to the universe equals to:</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e005">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e005.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">According to the equation of the universe (&#8220;Eq 4&#8221;):</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e006">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e006.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">We are all familiar with &#8220;Eq (6)&#8221;. But it conveys a concept that is quite different from the equation stated in the theory of relativity<a href="#2" id="ref2">[2]</a>. The proof of this equation in a way that is related to the mass and the radius of the universe have been firstly presented in this paper.</p>
<p class="art-para">If the universe was not finite, such a simple and reasonable equation that coincides with the most famous equation of Einstein would not be yielded. So, if the &#8220;Eq (6)&#8221; is correct, the equation of the universe is undoubtedly confirmed and the universe that we are living on is finite. In the rest, other reasons will be mentioned.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>The Cosmic Weight</b></p>
<p class="art-para">The &#8220;Eq (1)&#8221; gives us the gravitational force sensed by a stationary body with the mass of m in the universe. We name this force, cosmic weight and denote it with D<sub>o</sub>.</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e007">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e007.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">If we plug the &#8220;Eq (4)&#8221; into the &#8220;Eq (7)&#8221;, then:</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e008">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e008.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">The cosmic weight of this body moving with the velocity of V is represented by D<sub>v</sub>:</p>
<div class="art-img" id="e009">
<img src="<?php echo $imgpath;?>images/ijcaa-133-e009.gif" class="img-responsive center-block"/></div>
<p class="art-para">It can be inferred from the &#8220;Eq (9)&#8221; that the factor (1-v<sup>2</sup>/c<sup>2</sup>) in the theory of relativity results from the finiteness of the universe. In other words, the equations asserted by the theory of relativity can be correct only in a finite universe.</p>
<p class="art-para"><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p class="art-para">In conclusion, some of the laws in physics can be well described if we are living on a closed super-spherical universe. Moreover, the method that we used in this paper also provides us with more profound comprehension of some of the wellknown Einstein&#700;s equations. This, in turn, brings about several new relations and explanations which can be the subject of the future works and publications.</p>
<p class="art-subhead" id="references">References</p>
<ol>
<li class="ref"><div id="1">A. E. Meybodi. <i>Hasti Physics</i>, 1st Edition. 2013; ISBN : 964-06-2117-X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref1"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
<li class="ref"><div id="2">A. Einstein. The meaning of relativity, Princeton University Press.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ref2"><i class="fa fa-level-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div></li>
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