Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, National University Health System Emergency Department, Singapore
Introduction: Amlodipine belongs to the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers (CCB). We present a patient who concomitantly overdosed on amlodipine and subcutaneous insulin. We believe this to be the first case of concomitant amlodipine and subcutaneous insulin overdose reported in literature. Causes of his relatively uncomplicated clinical course are discussed.
Case Report: An elderly man presented within 2 hours to the Emergency department after ingesting 140mg of amlodipine and selfinjected 2 cartridges of Novo Mix 30/70 (600 units) in a suicidal attempt. He developed mild hypotension and had multiple episodes of hypoglycemia but was otherwise asymptomatic. He was managed with activated charcoal, low dose noradrenaline and multiple doses of dextrose for his hypoglycaemia. He was discharged well after 3 days.
Discussion: The clinical manifestations of dihydropyridine toxicity are hypotension, hyperglycaemia and metabolic acidosis. Our patient was elderly with multiple medical problems but he was alert and haemodynamically stable on presentation. Activated charcoal is the recommended form of decontamination when the patient presents early. He also developed initial hyperglycemia, which correlates with the degree of the calcium channel blocker overdose. The early co administration of insulin would correct the patientʼs hyperglycemia, acidosis, myocardial function and even provide inotropic support. It may be possible that the subcutaneous route of administering high dose insulin may have similar effect as intravenous HIET.
Our patientʼs hypoglycaemia occurred about 12 hours of the overdose, which is expected after an insulin overdose. He required many boluses of dextrose infusions before his blood sugar level stabilised.
Conclusion: It is postulated that self-administration of insulin and early decontamination could have resulted in patientʼs good outcome despite having ingested a potentially fatal dose of amlodipine.
Biography:
Dr. Adeline Ngo is a senior consultant working in the Emergency Medicine Department in Ng Teng Fong General Hospital in Singapore. Her interests lie in clinical toxicology and education. She previously served as a fellow in medical toxicology in the University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco. She teaches emergency medicine, Hazmat and toxicology including the use of simulation. She is also a visiting consultant for clinical toxicology in Changi General Hospital.
1Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Germany
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cairo University, Egypt
3Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt
Exposure to lead (Pb2+) during the in utero period has been proven to be detrimental to the human and animal offspring. Despite attempts to identify and eliminate sources of Pb2+ exposure, it is still present in the biotope and it induces adverse health effects. Reports suggested that antioxidants could serve as a therapeutic strategy against lead toxicity. The Alpha- lipoic acid (LA) is a natural organosulfur compound present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes; where it exerts a selective immunomodulating activity with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about its protective effect against Pb2+ toxicity in female reproduction. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of LA against Pb2+ challenge in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Pregnant rats at day 1 of gestation were enrolled to this experiment and divided into five groups (10 rats of each) where group 1 was provided only with water and served as control. Group 2 received 1% tween 80 (a solvent for LA). Group 3 was gavaged lead acetate (233.25 mg/kg) from day 7 to 16 of gestation. The 4th group received LA (61.9 mg/kg) orally throughout the gestation period, while group 5 received both LA and lead acetate. Dams were sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and fetuses were removed by cesarean section where implantation sites, fetal mortality, morphological examination, body weight and length were recorded. Blood samples were collected from both dams and fetuses for hematological and biochemical parameters assessment. Histopathological examination of placenta was also performed. The results showed that Pb2+ caused a reduction in the maternal body weight gain, increase in the rate of abortion, as well as fetal growth retardation and malformations in their skeleton. Moreover, Pb2+ induced severe hematological and biochemical alterations in both dams and fetuses. The toxicity of Pb2+ was further revealed by pathological alteration in the placenta and hepatic DNA fragmentation. However, LA pretreatment counteracted the impact of Pb2+ on both dams and fetuses parameters. The results suggested that LA could be a promising prophylaxis against Pb2+ toxicity.
Biography:
Hoda Samir Badr Aglan graduated from the faculty of Pharmacy Ain Shams University. She has been Assistant Researcher in National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt. She has 8 years experience at the department of Pharmacology during which she got her MSc Degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology, specializing in Reproductive Toxicology from the faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt. Now she is a PhD student in the Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn. Her thesis theme is related to the impact of heavy metals on bovine ovarian granulosa cells and in vitro cultured preimplantation embryos. She has great motivation to learn about different assisted reproduction techniques and how they could be affected by unavoidable environmental stressors, meanly heavy metals. Additionally, she is interested in studying of the impact of antioxidants on the genetic and epigenetic make-up of bovine embryos during the preimplantation period.
Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of using gamma (gamma)-radiation on the active contents of dried purslane and also to assess the effect of gamma-irradiated purslane against paracetamol-induced liver and kidney toxicity in rats. The results indicated that gamma-irradiation (10kGy) induced fluctuating change in the value of phenolic fractions with significant increase in the level of total phenolic and total flavonoids of purslane dried powder. Exposure of rats to over dose of paracetamol (PC) (2 g/kg b. wt. /day/15 days) resulted in significant hepato-nephrotoxicity evidenced by elevation of the activity of some liver enzymes, kidney function, inflammatory factors and lipid oxidation with inhibition of antioxidant status when compared to control group. By contrast, Co-administration of PC with either raw (RPP) or gamma-irradiated purslane powder (GPP) (50mg/kg/day/15 days) reduced the activity of liver enzymes, urea and creatinine levels, serum tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), level of malondialdehyde and activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) accompanied by significant elevation in the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and glutathione content (GSH) relative to PC-intoxicated rats. In conclusion, the results indicated that gamma-radiation food processing can be used as effective technique that can increased the active contents of purslane. Also, the results revealed that the protective effects of GPP against PC-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity may be related to its antioxidant properties.
Keywords: Paracetamol; Gamma-radiation; Purslane; Antioxidants
1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
2MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of 12 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 7 perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) in the muscle of shrimp, shellfish and fish. A modified QuEChERS procedure was applied to the extraction and concentration of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) as well as for removal of interferences. The determination of the 19PFCs was performed by LC-MS/MS in negative ion detection mode. 13C-Labeled PFCs as a stable-isotopic internal standard (except for L-PFBS, L-PFPeS, ipPFNS, and L-PFNS for which no labeled analogues were available) was used for calibration. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01-1.0 μg/kg. The recoveries of spiked sample at 0.02-8.0 μg/kg ranged from 61-117% with relative standard deviations of less than 14%. The developed method was successfully utilized to monitor real samples, which demonstrated that it is a simple, fast and robust method and could be used to monitor PFCAs and PFSAs in aquatic products. Most of the samples tested positive, mainly for perfluorooctane sulfonate acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) but other samples of the fourteen studied PFCs were also present.
Biography:
Dr. Dongmei Chen a professor of College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong agricultural university is major in veterinary drug residues, risk assessment, drug metabolism. She has presided and participated in more than 50 research projects on veterinary drug residues and food safety. She has acquired China technological invention progress second prize 1 item, the Ministry of Education Science and technology progress first prize 1 item, Hubei Province Scientific and technological progress first prize 1 item and second prize 1 item, the 9th north agricultural science and technology progress first prize 1 item. She has established national veterinary drug residues detection methods over 30 standards, published more than 50 scientific papers in the Journal of Chromatography A, Food Chemistry, Analytica Chimica Acta and etc.
1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
2Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
The tilmicosin-loaded hydrogenated castor oil solid lipid nanoparticles (Til-HCO-SLN) formulated by our group are an effective formulation for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its acute toxicity. Two doses of the nanoparticles were used for the study in ICR mice. The low dose containing tilmicosin 7.5 times of the clinic dosage and below the median lethal dose (LD50) was subcutaneously administered twice on the first and 7th day. The single high dose (5 g/kg.bw) was the practical upper limit in an acute toxicity study and administered subcutaneously on the first day. Blank HCO-SLN, native tilmicosin and saline solution were included as controls. After medication, animals were monitored over 14 days and then necropsied. Signs of toxicity were evaluated via mortality, symptoms, gross and microscopic pathology and hematologic and biochemical parameters. The results demonstrated that all mice died within 2 h in the high dose group after administration of native tilmicosin in the low dose group 3 died after the first and 2 died after the second injections. The surviving mice in the tilmicosin low dose group showed hypoactivity, accelerated breath, gloomy spirit and lethargy. In contrast all mice in Til-HCO-SLN and blank HCO-SLN groups survived at both low and high doses. The high dose of SLN induced transient clinical symptoms of treatment effect such as transient reversible action retardation, anorexy and gloomy spirit, increased spleen and liver coefficients and decreased heart coefficients, microscopic pathological changes of liver, spleen and heart and minor changes in hematologic and biochemical parameters, but no adverse effects were observed in the low dose group of SLN. The results revealed that the LD50 of Til-HCO-SLN and blank HCO-SLN exceeded 5 g/kg.bw and thus the nanoparticles are considered low toxic according to the toxicity categories of chemicals. Moreover, HCO-SLN significantly decreased the toxicity of tilmicosin.
Biography:
Shuyu Xie an associate professor of College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong agricultural university, is major in drug dlivery systems and pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new veterinary formulation. He has achieved the second prize for hubei science and technology progress/hubei technological invention award for two times, the second prize of china agricultural science and technology award, the first prize of the 9th north agricultural science and technology award, published 18 articlesin the Journal of Control Release, Particle and Fiber Toxicology, Nanomedicine, International Journal of Nanomedicine, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfacesas and other high-level journal as first or corresponding author, 6 invention patents (6 application for patent), 5 national standards and participated in pharmacy book.
1Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, China
2Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, China
Background: Several environmental pollutant such as lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure are positively associated with cardiovascular disease and the possible potential mechanism may be caused by damage to the endotheliumby modulation of inflammatory processes. S100A8/A9 is a useful biomarker of cardiovascular endothelial inflammation and has been implicated in endothelial cell apoptosis, endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte recruitment and adhesion and intimal hyperplasia. The objective of this study is to discuss the potential immune mechanism of children cardiovascular endothelial inflammation by exposure to environmental pollutants in the e-waste recycling area.
Methods: A total of 203 preschool children (3–7 years) were recruited from an e-waste exposed area and a reference area. We measured blood Pb levels and urinary PAH metabolites bygraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. Inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-12p70 and IP-10) concentrations were detected by Luminex 200 analyzer. Endothelial inflammatory biomarkers S100A8/A9 levels were evaluated by ELISA.
Results: The exposed group exhibited higher blood Pb, total urinary hydroxylated PAH (ΣOHPAH), total hydroxynaphthalene (ΣOHNap) and total hydroxyfluorene (ΣOHFlu) levels in children compared with the reference group. Serum IL-6, IL-12p70, IP10 and S100A8/A9 concentrations of children were significantly higher in the exposed group compared with the reference group. After adjustment for various confounders, linear regression analysis showed that both blood Pb levels and urinary ΣOHFlu levels are positively associated with IL-6, IL-12p70 and IP-10. Joint exposure of Pb × PAH is also positively associated with IL-6, IL12p70 and IP-10. Mediator models indicated that neutrophils exert the significant mediation effect on the relationship between blood Pb levels and S100A8/A9.
Conclusions: E-waste-exposed children with elevated exposure levels of Pb and PAH exacerbate cardiovascular endothelial inflammation, ultimately increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Keywords: E-waste; Environmental pollutants; Children; S100A8/A9; Cardiovascular endothelial inflammation
Biography:
Mr. Xiangbin Zheng a Ph.D. student of the Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, China. His primary research interest is in environmental toxicology and epidemiology, studying environmental toxicant exposures in relation to fetal and child development of various physiological systems. He investigated a variety of environmental exposures (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, PM2.5 and PAHs) for human developmental toxicity, including thyroid hormone disruption, fetal and child growth, child respiratory system and cardiovascular system development.
1Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, China
2Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Jinan University, China
Background: Ambient PM2.5 is a risk factor for respiratory diseases and is correlated with respiratory mortality. It may increase susceptibility of respiratory pathogen infection and ultimately induce inflammation. However, the mechanism is unclear. In fact, as a major antimicrobial protein, salivary agglutinin (SAG) plays a critical role in innate airway antimicrobial defense. So we hypothesize that SAG may be involved in this process of PM2.5 affecting airway anti-antimicrobial ability.
Methods: We recruited 213 children, approximately 5 years old, from Guiyu (an e-waste area, n = 106) and Haojiang (a reference area, n = 107) during November to December 2017 and collected air PM2.5 pollution data used to calculated individual PM2.5 CDI, analyzed peripheral white blood cell counts (WBCs) with a Sysmex XT-1800i automatic hematology analyzer and measured the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) with a ProcartaPlex Multiplex Immunoassay for Simplex Kits and Combinable Panels. Saliva SAG level was evaluated by ELISA.
Results: The mean concentration of PM2.5 in Guiyu was significantly higher than Haojiang, resulting in a higher individual PM2.5 CDI in Guiyu children. Concomitantly, compared with Haojiang children, there were the lower saliva SAG concentrations and the higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers (including WBCs, IL-8 and TNF-α) in Guiyu children. In addition, regression analyses indicated that CDI was negatively correlated with saliva SAG concentration, whereas positively associated with the levels of WBCs, IL-8 and TNF-α.
Conclusions: To our best knowledge, this is the first study on the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and airway antimicrobial defense in children, showing that PM2.5 pollution weaken airway antimicrobial defense by down-regulation saliva SAG levels, which may accelerate airway pathogen infection in children.
Keywords: Airway antimicrobial protein; PM2.5; Children
Biography:
Shaocheng Zhang, a Ph.D. student of the Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, China. His primary research interest is in pediatric environmental epidemiology, studying environmental toxicant exposures in relation to child airway antimicrobial defense. He investigated environmental exposures (PM2.5, Pb) for child airway antimicrobial ability. He has obtained the Sichuan Province Medical Science and Technology Award, China, in 2015 and 2016. He also obtained the Mianyang Science and Technology Progress Award, China, in 2016.
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
Objective: Diabetes is a challenging disease that posed adverse effect on male fertility.
Anti-diabetic drugs have potential effective protection against diabetic complication on male fertility. Helleniaspeciosa was known to be effective in controlling diabetes, which motivates the design of the present study to evaluate its efficacy against diabetes induced in rat testis using both its crude and nanoparticles.
Methods: The study is based on experimental work, seventy adult albino male rats (200-220g). The Rats will be used for induction of type 2 diabetes using streptozotocin in doses (60 mg/kg bw).
Results: The researcher expects that there will be differences with statistical significance between using Helleniaspeciosus and its nano-particles in protecting against diabetes-induced histological changes.
Conclusion: Helleniaspeciosus nanoparticles not only act as protective agents against diabetes-induced histological changes but their efficacy exceeds that of treatment with crude Helleniaspeciosus.
Biography:
Safia M Bahshwan is a PhD student Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia. Highly motivated Academic teacher with a degree in Biology and 3 yearʼs experience in an academic setting as a lecturer. Demonstrated ability to connect with students and develop individualized plans for academic success. Offering exceptional organizational and problem-solving skills. Her current research interests include Nutrition Science, Cell physiology, Histology and Cell response to drug results and study cellular effects after exposure to new treatments. Expertise with scientific tools and instruments for data collection and experiments such as pipettes, microscopes, centrifuges and more.
1Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
2Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, India
Landfill soil leachates, containing myriad of xenobiotics are known to increase DNA damage and cytotoxicity in organisms. However, possible molecular mechanism of leachates induced cytogenotoxicity is not clearly understood. The study here in investigated the possible mechanisms of DNA damage induced by Olusosun (OSL) and Nagpur (NPL) landfill soil leachates in lymphoma (Jurkat) cells. Jurkat was incubated for 24h with sub-lethal concentrations of the LC50 of OSL (22.04%) and NPL (24.89%). After treatment, cells were analyzed for DNA damage (alkaline comet assay), DNA fragmentation (agarose gel electrophoresis) and apoptosis (Hoechst 33258 – PI staining). Complementary DNA expression profiling of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes regulating apoptosis in Jurkat cells were analyzed using real time PCR (RT-PCR) method. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that OSL and NPL induced significant increase in tail length, percentage tail moment and Olivetail moment and DNA fragmentations in the treated cells compared to the control. Hoecsht-33258 and PI based apoptotic analysis confirmed apoptosis in OSL and NPL exposed cells, via the presence of red and blue fluorescence in the treated cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that OSL and NPL up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulated anti-apoptotic gene with different fold changes. There was significant increase in fold change of AIFM2 (NPL=1.14 fold; OSL=1.46 fold), FADD (NPL=2.05 fold; OSL=1.47 fold), Caspase-2 (NPL=1.67 fold; OSL=4.79 fold), Caspase-6 (NPL=1.05 fold; OSL=1.75 fold), BID (NPL=1.17 fold; OSL=1.05 fold), p53 (NPL=1.22 fold; OSL=3.10 fold), BAD (NPL=2.13 fold; OSL=5.65 fold) and down-regulation of AP15 (NPL= -1.58 fold; OSL= -1.22 fold) in treated cells compared to the control. Apoptotic analysis confirmed that the cells were in late apoptotic phase, suggesting that the cell membrane was no longer intact hence PI stained the cellʼs chromatin materials. The altered genes suggest instability in the intrinsic/extrinsic pathways involved in the regulation of apoptosis. Toxic metals Cd, Pb, Cr, Co and 32 different PAHs and PCBs were detected in the OSL and NPL. These possibly induced the observed DNA damage and apoptosis in Jurkat cells via alterations in apoptotic pathways.
Keywords: Apoptotic genes, Comet assay, DNA fragmentation, Landfill soil leachates, Lymphoma cell.
1Food Toxicology laboratory, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
2Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
Consumption of red wines has increased over the last years in function of their sensorial and functional properties, most of them associated to the considerable concentrations of phenolic compounds. In addition to phenolic compounds, grapes and therefore wines may contain toxic secondary metabolites denominate mycotoxins. The main mycotoxin found in grapes and their derivatives is ochratoxin A (OTA). Presence of bioactive compounds in food may contribute to an improvement in metabolism of C. elegans or may exacerbate the negative response of contaminants such as OTA. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of OTA addition on red wine on survival rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Cabernet Sauvignon red wine OTA-free and OTA-added (1, 2 e 4 µg∙L-1) were used in this study. Survival rate and ROS generation was determined using 2500 and 1500 worms exposed to samples for 30 minutes, respectively. Number of surviving worms was verified 24 hours after red wine samples exposure to OTA. ROS generation was evaluated by dichlorofluorescin (DCF) assay. ROS generation was lower in nematodes exposed to OTA-added red wine (p≤0.05) independent of OTA concentration, when compared to OTA-free red wine (mean of OTA-added red wine = 34.43 ± 1.75 vs. 46.98 ± 1.64; % of control group). This effect may be related to the activation of antioxidant defense system in C. elegans metabolism by OTA. On the other hand, OTAadded red wine showed a tendency to reduce nematodes survival (p>0.05) at concentrations of 2 and 4 µg∙L-1 when compared to OTA-free red wine (83.60 ± 5.14 and 83.94 ± 5.20 vs. 100 ± 4.9; % of control group, respectively). This response regarding the survival of C. elegans in the presence of OTA-added red wine may be associated with a reduction in OTA-induced oxidative stress resistance. This is the first study evaluating OTA effects on oxidative stress markers, as well as, its effect on red wine antioxidant potential using the C. elegans alternative model. Our results showed that the presence of OTA in red wine affects survival and ROS generation in C. elegans and further studies are needed to understand the antioxidant defenses mechanisms involved.
Biography:
Professor Paula Rossini Augusti holds a degree in Pharmacy and Biochemistry-Food Technology from the Federal University of Santa Maria (2005), a Masterʼs Degree in Toxicological Biochemistry from the Federal University of Santa Maria (2007) and a PhD in Biological Sciences-Biochemistry from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2010). She is currently a professor in the Department of Food Science at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and advisor in the Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA) at the same university. Professor Paula has experience in Food Toxicology, Nutrition, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants.
1Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
2Spine Surgery Center, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
Objectives: Our aim in this is to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice level of people in order to protect people from asbestos and asbestos–related diseases and to determine the sources of exposure to asbestos and to determine knowledge attitude and practice level in relation to age.
Methods: The study was Cross-sectional descriptive study. A questionnaire, interviewer–administered, that included 18 items was employed on a convenient sample consisting of 384 participants from thirty third village citizens in Halfa Aljadida.
Results: Vast majority of the participants 286 (74.22%) knows asbestos and itʼs usage in their village such as usage of it in building, water supply and its hazards and 98 (25.78%) donʼt know it. 78.9 of participants exposed to asbestos, (48.7%) were exposure at home, exposure were from houses roofs 142 (36.98%), water pipes 3 (0.78%) and from both sources 144 (37.50%), 2 (0.5%) were exposure at work. 81 (21.1%) were not exposed to it. 279 (72.7%) exposed to it for more than one year, 7 (1.8%) exposed to it for more than one month and 3 (0.8%) for more than one day. 378 (97.66%) of participants donʼt use any safety equipment regarding their exposure to asbestos and only 9 (2.24%) use safety equipments like gloves 1 (0.3%) and masks 5 (1.3%).
Conclusion: Asbestos is widely use in Thirty Third village in Halfa Aljadida and more effort should be done to eliminate asbestos containing houses and water supplies.
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