Metal Bioavailability in Estuarine Mudflat - Mangrove Sedimentary Environments and Bioaccumulation in Sediment Associated Biota and Mangroves and their Possible Effect, West Coast of India

G. N. Nayak

Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, India

The estuaries are complex and dynamic aquatic environments known for interaction and mixing of fresh and saline waters and high sediment deposition. The studies carried out, for over a decade, on the mudflat - mangrove sedimentary environments in the tropical estuaries along central west coast of India, revealed that the small rivers are the major pathways for sediment and nutrients from catchment area to the estuaries and the adjacent sea. Further, estuaries are the breeding and nursery grounds for marine organisms and a potential fishery habitat. Estuarine processes are affected by sea level variation as well as cyclones, floods and such other natural processes. The systematic sorting of sediment size takes place within estuaries from the mouth to the head due to the prevailing hydrodynamic conditions. Intertidal flats represent sand flats in lower, marine dominated estuarine regions and mudflats in the middle mixing zones. Distribution of sediment, organic matter and metals within an estuary is regulated by changing tides, waves, winds and in turn resulting salinity, pH, radox potential and other physico-chemical parameters with space and time. The hydrodynamic conditions and rate of sedimentation in the estuaries along central west coast of India showed considerable variations with time. The metal concentration showed an increase towards surface of most of the cores indicating their deposition in calmer environment with finer sediments and organic matter. Change in land use and land cover pattern in the catchment area has enhanced the material supply to the estuary in the recent years. Further, in addition to natural material, anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrial, agricultural, transportation and others also adding material to the estuary. Within in the estuary, due to changes in physico-chemical conditions, metals are transformed from one phase to the other and are found in solution, exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic/sulfide and residual phases. The phases other than residual are sensitive to changes in pH and Eh. The metals in solution and bioavailable phase (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic/sulfide) enter sediment associated biota through bioaccumulation and are enriched in mangroves, bivalves and other sediment associated biota. Mangroves are known for biomagnification of metals and act as remedial measures to control the quality of coastal waters. The edible sediment associated biota with metal bioaccumulation is consumed by the fish eating coastal human population. Regular consumption of these biota can affect the health of coastal population. The awareness campaign to the coastal population on the effect of eating metal bioaccumulated biota is essential.

Biography:
Prof. G. N. Nayak, born on 10.06.1957, did his graduation (1979), post-graduation (1982) and doctorate (1986) degrees in Geology from Karnatak University, Dharwad, India with Ph.D. topic entitled “Studies on morphology, texture and mineralogy of the beaches along North Karnataka Coast around Karwar, India”. Later, on 22.12.1986 he was appointed as a Lecturer at Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Reader on19.05.1991 and Professor on 08.06.1996. As a faculty member at Goa University he held positions of Head, Department of Marine Sciences for over 12 years and 8 months and Dean of the Faculty of Life Science and Environment for 6 years. He was also member of Executive council, Academic council, Senate; Chairman of Board of studies of Marine Sciences and Environmental Sciences. Prof. Nayak was member of Board of studies of Gulbarga University, Berhampur University and Shivaji University. Prof. Nayak is a President of Indian Association of Sedimentologists since 2013, was UGC Expert member on UGC-SAP at Berhapur University and Manonmanian University, was a Member of Ocean Science & Technology Cell, Tamil University and Mangalore University, was a member of Goa Environmental Protection Council, is an expert member of Goa State Wetland Authority (GSWA), State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC), Goa. He received awards namely The Shrimati Saroma Sanyal Memorial Prize and The Rekha Nandi and Bhupesh Nandi Prize. He has published two books entitled “Beaches of Karwar” and “Impact of Mining on Environment in Goa” and over 89 publications in National and Internationals. He has conducted 19 research / consultancy projects, guided 16 Ph.D.ʼs and 1 M.Phil, participated in over 110 conferences and delivered over 20 invited talks and chaired many sessions.

Agrarian and Forestry Evolution Chemical Evolution Human Evolution

P. Vila-Lameiro^* and A. Conde-Fernαndez

Department of Agroforestry Engineering, High Polytechnic Engineering School in Lugo, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

The humanity began to practice agriculture 10,000 years ago and this practice represented the origin of the first civilizations. In those times there is no Scientific knowledge or productive processes like the current ones. The evils come from the deities, demos and mystical creatures. But besides, part of the solutions found are by luck, chance and finally, observation. It is in the nineteenth century when natural processes that govern the world begin to be understood. From there the chemistry of the alchemy are separated, the theory of evolution emerges, also the first major chemical production companies, industrial processes, etc. In these beginnings, the products are difficult to obtain, only available those of plant origin, inorganic or heavy metals, derivatives of coal or petroleum. But these products have a series of defects or inconveniences that will provide the future evolution of these substances:

- Very toxic
- Little or nothing effective
- Lack of selectivity
- Low availability and High price

As of this initial moment of industrialization of the processes of production of fertilizers, a period of strong product development pressure on phytosanitary products begins, focusing on effectiveness, selectivity and toxicity as factors or problems to solve.

There emerged multiple focuses of progress and improvement, with new ideas, new approaches to the use of agrochemicals with Integrated Pest Control. This implies setting priorities for use by relegating the chemicals as a last resort to the appearance of biological treatments as an alternative, which will be come part of the business of chemical companies or the development of genetic engineering applied to the agrarian and forestry sector.

Nowadays, it is essential remark that the use of phytosanitary devices is increasingly suffering from more legal and regulatory restrictions that will further forcé their evolution, following the strategies described, even, as can be seen in the current markets with increasing frequency and importance of eco-design.

Biography:
Pablo Vila Lameiro (Lugo, 1973), Ph Doctor in Forestry Engineering from Univ. Santiago de Compostela (2003), Forestry Technical Engineer (1995) and Forestry Engineer (1998), has his research activity focused on thestudy of the technological properties of timber and its derivative products, as well as on the technological transfer of the results to the exploitation industries of timber products (sawing, tonnage, wineries, agrarianindustries,...). He has directed 3 doctoral theses, published more than 40 articles of impact, accumulated more than 300 appointments, directed and participated in 32 research and transfer projects, in a Network of strategic research of the Campus Terra (Igsea) in the Univ. of Santiago and activities of scientific dissemination, promotion of the social image of the University, carrying out technical advice to different social groups.

p16/Rb Pathway Plays Critical Role in the Inhibition of Gh3 Cell Cycle Induced by T-2 Toxin

Xu Wang^*, Zainab Fatima, Pu Guo, Deyu Huang, Qirong Lu and Zonghui Yuan

National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, China

T-2 toxin is a worldwide trichothecenetoxin and can cause various toxicities. T-2 toxin is involved in G1 phase arrest in several cell lines but molecular mechanism is still not clear. In present study, we used rat pituitary GH3 cells to investigate the mechanism involved in cell cycle arrest against T-2 toxin (40 nM) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 has compared to control cells. GH3 cells showed a considerable increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ym) upon exposure to the T-2 toxin. Flow cytometry showed a significant time-dependent increase in percentage of apoptotic cells and gel electrophoresis showed the hallmark of apoptosis oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Additionally, T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage with a time-dependent significant increased expression of p53 favors the apoptotic process by the activation of caspase-3 in T-2 toxin treated cells. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed a time-dependent increase of G1 cell population along with the significant time-dependent up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of p16 and p21 and significant down-regulation of cyclin D1, CDK4 and p-RB levels further verify the G1 phase arrest in GH3 cells. Morphology of GH3 cells by TEM clearly showed the damage and dysfunction to mitochondria and the cell nucleus. These findings for the first time demonstrate that T-2 toxin induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest by the involvement of p16/Rb pathway, along with ROS mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage with p53 and caspase cascade interaction, resulting in apoptosis in GH3 cells.

Keywords: Cell cycle· T-2 toxin· G1 phase arrest· p16/Rb pathway· Reactive oxygen species· p53

Biography:
Dr. Xu Wang got the doctorʼs degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China in 2006. During 2007-2015, he served as lecturer, associate Professor of National Reference of National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues of Huazhong Agriculture University (HZAU) in China. During 2015-2016, Dr. Xu has studied as a visiting scholar at Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Since 2016, he served as a full Prof. in HZAU. His research interest is metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, immunotoxicity and food evaluation. Dr. Xu has published more than 80 peer-reviewed articles in the field of metabolism and toxicology.