Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Reduction of rutile (TiO2) by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) hydrogen gas mixture was carried out in the range of temperature 1100-1200°C. Based on standard change in Gibbs (ΔG°) energy calculations, the reaction was favourable above 1000°C although reaction kinetics was slow. Pure rutile was reduced to titanium oxycarbide (TiCxO1-x), which is a solid solution of TiC and TiO. Formation of TiC from pure rutile started at 1100oC based on XRD and SEM/EDX analysis. The rate and extent of reaction increased with increasing temperature to 1200°C. An increase in LPG flowing time from 10-20 minutes resulted in the formation of titanium (III) oxide (Ti2O3) and TiCxO1-x formation. Reduction of TiO2 to TiCxO1-x occurred in the following sequence where x was the molar fraction of TiC in the solid solution: TiO2 → Ti5O9 →Ti4O7 → Ti3O5 → Ti2O3 → TiCxO1-x. Morphological changes in TiO2 from 1100-1200°C showed that after 3 hours of reduction, the surface became roughened with scattered porosity. With increasing reduction temperature, the grain surface degraded in terms of geometry and size indicating a shrinking core chemical reaction mechanism. The SEM/EDX images showed that when only hydrogen gas was used, a dense product layer was formed consisting of inter layers of Ti2O3 and TiCxO1-x which reduces the rate of diffusion of gaseous components. Based on the findings in this work, LPG is a viable reductant for TiO2. LPG reduction of metal oxides to metal/carbide hold promising future in extractive metallurgy as it reduces CO2 footprint and offers alternative pathways for H2 gas generation.
Keywords: Rutile, Titanium (III) oxide, Titanium oxycarbide, Reduction, LPG
Biography:
Dr. Sheikh Abdul Rezan joined USM Engineering campus in 2010. He completed his PhD in Materials Engineering (Pyrometallurgy) from University of New South Wales, Australia in 2010. His undergraduate degree was from Alfred University (New York), USA and Master in Optical Engineering from UTM, Johor. He has published more than 80 journals and conference papers combined in the field of extractive metallurgy, steel making, marine corrosion and high temperature ceramics. He is an invited member to Malaysia Steel Institute (MSI) and SIRIM committee for Malaysian Standard for raw materials for iron, steel and intermediate products (TC/P/1). His research interest includes sacrificial zinc anode for cathodic protection (SACP), marine corrosion, steel making waste recycling and pyro-processing of titanium minerals.
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University, India
The present work aims to study the Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) in Tertiary Recovery Mode and its role on oil recovery efficiency in a part of Geleki Oil Field of Upper Assam Basin, India. It is a water based Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method which can be made by optimizing the ion composition of the injected water in such a way that the change in equilibrium of the initial Crude Oil/Brine/Rock (COBR) system affects the oil recovery.
The LSW experiments were conducted in the laboratory by flooding oil saturated core plugs using high saline water followed by low saline water. The oil recovery efficiency after high saline waterflooding and additional oil recovery efficiency after low saline waterflooding were determined. The wettability state of the core plugs was determined based on the ‘Relative Permeability Curvesʼ.
During high saline waterflooding, oil recovery efficiency of 33.12% (using 2500 ppm water), 35.85% & 34.48% (using 1404 ppm water) of Original Oil in Place (OOIP) was observed. Additional oil recovery efficiency of 04.46% & 02.83% of OOIP using 800 ppm water and 01.38% of OOIP using 500 ppm water was observed during LSW in the Tertiary Recovery Mode. From the study of the ‘Relative Permeability Curvesʼ, it is observed that the wettability states of the core plugs were oil-wet before the LSW.
The LSW experiments in the Tertiary Recovery Mode have found to play a significant role on oil recovery in the study area. A proper design of the chemistry of the injection water will help the researchers to apply this mechanism in most of the oil fields of Upper Assam Basin.
Keywords: LSW, Tertiary Recovery Mode, COBR, Relative Permeability Curves, OOIP
Biography:
Dr. Nayan Medhi is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University. He has one year of industrial experience in ‘Schlumberger Asia Services Limitedʼ and more than eight years of teaching experience as Assistant Professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University. He also has one year of teaching experience as Lecturer in the Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University. He has published a number of research papers in National & International Journal. His research area of interest is Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University, India
Low Salinity (LoSal) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is an emerging EOR technology where the salinity of the injection water is reduced/controlled to improve the oil recovery versus conventional high salinity water flooding. Earlier studies have shown that different LoSal EOR mechanisms such as Fine Migration, pH increase, Electrical Double Layer (EDL) Expansion, Multicomponent Ion Exchange (MIE) etc. affects the oil recovery efficiency through wettability alteration of the reservoir rock. The present study is based on the laboratory study of ‘Fine Migrationʼ and ‘pH increaseʼ mechanisms in a part of an Oil Field of Upper Assam Basin.
The analysis of crude oil, brine and reservoir rock of the study area shows the presence of polar organic compounds, divalent cations and clay minerals which are the prerequisite for the LoSal mechanisms to occur. The core flooding experiments were conducted in the laboratory by flooding oil saturated core plugs using different saline water (1404 ppm, 1100 ppm & 200 ppm). Injection of 1100 ppm and 200 ppm low saline water gives higher oil recovery efficiency (33.82% & 40.47% of OOIP) compared to 1404 ppm flooding (32.71% of OOIP) which is the formation brine salinity of the study area. The Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis of the migrated fine sediments separated from the effluent low saline water shows the presence of illite and mixedlayer. The pH of the 1100 ppm & 200 ppm effluent water is increased by 0.29 & 0.33 respectively.
The study shows that the ‘Fine Migrationʼ and ‘pH Increaseʼ LoSal mechanisms works in the study area which contributes to the improved oil recovery efficiency.
Keywords: LoSal, EDL, MIE, Wettability, SEM
Biography:
Dr. Minati Das is a professor in the Department of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University, India. She has six years of industrial experience in Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. as Reservoir Engineer and Assistant Director (Reservoir) and thirty two years of postgraduate teaching experiences (reservoir engineering). Her research area of interest is in ‘Petroleum Geologyʼ and ‘Reservoir Engineeringʼ. She has established a Centre of Excellence (CORE) in the Department of Petroleum Technology in Clastic Petroleum Reservoir Engineering under Mission REACH, TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment council), under Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a member of Editorial Board in different national & international journal and published more than thirty number of research papers.
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
A mathematical model developed for laboratory methane gas production from hydrates by depressurization method is presented. This model, solved through numerical analysis and programmed in programming language, becomes in a software tool whose results are compared to previously published laboratory tests. The proposed mathematical model is based on mass balance equations where liquid and gas are considered as mobile phases and the hydrate as an immobile phase. It is also assumed that there are not dramatic changes in temperature, so energy balance is overlooked. The proposed equations were discretized in cells by the method of finite differences and solved through Newton-Rhapson numerical method. Constitutive equations were also used to gas/water flow or production, gas hydrate dissociation and permeability changes due to the above-mentioned phenomenon.
Numerical solution was programmed in M language from MATLAB and a graphical user interface was designed to generate software. Simulation results were compared with two previously published laboratory tests to validate the mathematical model proposed. The data analyzed was the cumulative production of gas against time, obtaining differences under the 7% between the calculated and the reported results in the two cases. In addition, the developed software also gives dissociated gas/water volumes, saturation changes and permeability changes in the rock. The novelty of this research is in the report of the changes in the saturations of the three phases due to hydrate dissociation in the rock, which can be supportive to a better gas reserves calculation of these structures non-produced commercially yet.
Biography:
Luis Alejandro Torres Doria has completed his bachelorʼs degree on Petroleum Engineer at the age of 22 years from Industrial University of Santander and currently, Luis Alejandro Torres is a M.Sc. candidate in hydrocarbon engineering, studying the effect of CO2 injection in hydrate-phase saturation when used as a gas production method from hydrates. Luis Alejandro Torres is member of two reasearch groups: Hydrocarbon Processes Modelling (GMPH) and Computarized Tomography for Reservoir Characterization (GIT). Luis Alejandro Torres has more than 2 years of experience developing software for petroleum industry and is also the current Membership Chairperson of SPE Noreasth Colombia Section.
ISEL-ADEM, Portugal
Electric vehicles penetration is a solution braced by a wide range of agents and players, such as Governments, environmental organizations, social groups, companies, citizens and media. The motives seem valid but need technical and energetic validation. What is generally accepted is that the electric vehicles are a no pollution and environmentally friendly mobility solution regarding the consumption. However, the electricity production is dependent on several factors that can jeopardize these advantages and even aggravate the electricity sector.
The present paper focuses on the micro analyses of the energy mix in some periods of the day. For the case study it is chosen typical days in Portugal regarding consumption, primary energy availability and weather. The studies are made based on the present legislation, implemented status quo and foresee goals.
Analysing it, allows to understand how environmentally friendly and cheaper the electricity is and that is the guidelines of the present paper. It was possible to conclude that electricity mobility in Portugal is environmentally harmful, economical expensive and energetically unstable.
Biography:
Nuno A. S. Domingues (b. 1972) received the Undergraduate (5-year) degree in Electrical Engineering from ISEL in 2005, Masterʼs degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from IST in 2008 and PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from FCT-UNL in 2015. He is a Professor in ISEL. His topics of research include electricity markets modelling and simulation, energy systems, SCADA and DSS, decision making, intelligent optimization, evolutionary algorithms, machine learning, sustainability, efficiency, clean technologies, mobility and transport, sustainable consumption, e-learning, science communication, education and regulation.
Contact us for any additional information - contact@madridge.org
Madridge Publishers is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.