MH Wirth Company, Norway
This paper describes a three dimensional torque and drag model for elastic drill string in a drilling wellbore with any trajectory profile. The following forces are taken into account in the transient T&D model with take into account;
-- Inertia forces on drill string during acceleration/deccelaration of pipe when drill string will start moving from a stationary position and when it stops from movement.
-- Hydrodynamic viscous drag force
-- Pressure (or Pressure-Area) forces; forces acting on drill string due to change in cross-sectional area of pipe/BHA elements)
-- Dynamic Buoyancy forces (i.e. buoyancy effect based on dynamic pressure in the well)
-- Frictional forces – drag in 3D based on Coloumb friction
-- Weight force in 3D profile
The drill string dynamic model is coupled with transient ROP model. The ROP will change based on formation hardness, Bit rotational RPM and pump flow rate. Weight-on-Bit and Torque-on-Bit will be calculated based on drill pipe stretching/compression and drill string tortuosity (i.e. twisting angle) respectively. The model was used for real-time simulation of drill string to understand the mechanical behaviour of a drill string in exploratory wells in a field in UK sector of North Sea. The torque and drag data then was compared with real field data and the deviation was in a negligible order of magnitude.
Biography:
Ahmad Mirhaj is currently working as a Drilling & Well Modelling Specialist in the department of New Services and Drilling Systems at MHWirth company.
DIT University, India
Objective: An eco-friendly CO2 foam based fracturing fluid is developed which can be used at HPHT conditions for shale reservoirs with high goethite content. Results observed were compared to the conventional fracturing fluids which were previously published.
Methods and Procedures: For the formulation of the fracturing fluid, gum acacia and Lactic Acid is grafted together in the presence of Potassium per sulphate (KPS). Base solution of the fracturing fluid is prepared using 80% of CO2 liquid and 14% brine solution. Lecithin is used to emulsify CO2 liquid and brine solution. Grafted polymer is mixed with the base solution. An Propylene glycol, oxygen scavenger, biocide, cross linker and other additives has been added in smaller proportions nearly 0.15% in the base fluid. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Palmitic acid is added in the base solution as foaming agent. After mixing the formulation at high rate for 10-15 minutes, 4-5% proppant is added in the developed fracking fluid.
Results, Observation and Conclusions: The series of test has been conducted and the results are compared with the conventional fracking fluid. FTIR has been used for the characterization of grafted Copolymer and the effective synthesized co-polymerization is shown by the Infrared spectra of gum acacia (GA), Lactic acid (LA) and grafted copolymer (GA-g-LA). Rheological properties have been evaluated of the base gel and foam separately. In this paper, the viscosity of grafted copolymer polymer fracturing foam at high pressure high temperature (HPHT) as a function of surfactant concentration, salinity, and shear rate are presented. Pressurized foam rheometer was used to find out the viscosity of CO2 foam at different surfactant concentrations (0.25–1 wt%) and salinity (0.5–8 wt%) over a wide range of shear rate (10–500 s−1) at 1500-3000 psi and 200-400 °F. The viscosity is found between 70-125 cP at for different concentrations. The foam quality has been evaluated by adding 0.25% w, 0.5%w and 1%w of surfactants. Half-lifeand proppant carrying capacity of the best quality foam been determined at different temperature ranges. Half-life time was found to be 145 minutes at 250°F. The results of effect of salinity and effect of shear rate have been discussed in detail. The result showed that at foam quality of 80% & 70% proppant loading is 5.5%vol and 3%vol. Use of grafted copolymer results in higher viscosity and proppant carrying capacity which is beneficial for HPHT fracturing conditions.
Novelity: The use of grafted copolymer enhanced the properties of fracturing fluid. GA-g-LA is a novel approach and has not been used in well stimulation industry. Grafting increased the stability of fracturing fluid at HPHT wells. This could be brought in practice in the coming time and can be used in deep wells.
Geology Department, Mansoura University, Egypt
This study has been carried out by the integration of seismic interpretations and the wellogging analysis of ten wells distributed in J-field of concession NC-186, Murzuq basin, Libya. Twenty (3D) seismic lines and ten wells have been analyzed. The results of this study indicated that, the main reservoir in this concession is Hawaz Formation. Hawaz has been split into 8 units with a sub division of Hawaz H4 into three subunits with the objective of better characterization of thethree general fine upward intervals. The lower interval of H4 zone presents the better reservoirproperties. The depth of reflector H4 ranges from 4100 ft in the northwestern part of the study areaand increases to 4600 ft in the southeastern part of the study area. In this study, the outline of the Hawaz paleo highs which is NC-186 Field ‘‘J” is generally trending in the NW-SE direction. Thewell logging analysis particularly quick look interpretation indicates that Hawaz Formation in the studied wells is mainly oil-bearing with some water-bearing sand levels at the horizons from H4 to and H6 which are potentially the main reservoirs. The water bearing zones are beyond thesehorizons starting from the sub-horizon H6c and the oil water contact is probably at depth 4495 ft. The cross plot of porosity-saturation for H5 and H6b indicates firmly that these horizons are indeedat irreducible state and will produce mainly oil as indicated in J4-NC186 well, while the cross plot of H8 shows wide scattering of points which is the main characteristic for water producing horizon.
Keywords: Murzuq basin; Hawaz Formation; Seismic; Hydrocarbon potentialities; Petrophysical parameters
British University, Egypt
Gas Fields from shallow and deep formations reservoirs are located in the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea. In a water depth from 100 to 1000 meters, the gas produced from the wells to separators and through subsea sea lines to the onshore plants. Several successful pigging operation have been performed for cleaning and maintain the subsea pipelines with different pigs types, in addition producing the accumulated condensate in the lines as demand requires at low production gas rates. It is essential to carry out routine pigging programs as a part of pipeline management. Maintenance pigging operation plays an important role in the pre-commissioning, commissioning, and maintenance pipelines is very important to select the proper pig type and frequent period for the application. Pigging is considered not only essential in high pressure gas pipelines maintenance, but also cost-effective compared to other maintenance efforts. In addition effective pigging can minimize chemical treatment requirements, producing the lowest total operating cost. Within the realm of pigging, two essentially different tactics can be identified, routine and refurbishment pigging. Effective pigging programs are experience based and should be modified as pigging results dictate.
Biography:
Prof. Atef Abdelhady is Academic staff in the British University in Egypt. He holds a B.SC. and M.S degree in Petroleum Engineering. He holds a PhD degree in the specialty of Petroleum Production Engineering. He has 40 years in oil and gas industry as a manager for all activities associated with treatment and processing of oil and gas onshore and offshore locations. Also during my carrier in oil and gas business was responsible to transfer field experience to all engineers and others. I represent Egypt in oil and gas conferences outside Egypt as speaker. An SPE active member for more than 35 years. During his career, he has authored several technical papers in Egypt and USA. He has been selected as a qualified candidate for inclusion in the 1998 edition of International Whoʼs Who Membership. He has training skills and experience inside and outside Egypt. He has 25 year in oil and gas condition in gas & oil fields offshore and on-shore. He has many years in oil and Gas activities advance safety technologies to enhance and optimize operations. Did some workshop for Society petroleum engineering in production optimization in Egypt and Kuwait.
Mechanical Engineering, Benha University, Egypt
Three Decade ago, it was not acceptable for experimental research work to be published without containing some thought of description and analysis of the uncertainty included in the results. This paper examines the relevance of errors or in another word the errors causing the uncertainty in experimental research work and discusses some basic theory necessary for an understanding of the estimation of uncertainty in a single sample experiments. Care is taken to distinguish between the different sources of inaccuracy with the emphasis throughout this work being on both physical understanding and on analytical analysis. With a little practice, an assessment of the errors in any experiment should become a routine. The analysis should then be applied as a matter of course during the design of the experiments. Of course, this analysis is important in deciding to how good is the experimental results and the reliability to be used and to be compared with the obtained results of anther published results.
The present paper presents a general analysis of types of errors in an engineering experimental results. It distinguishes between uncertainty and the errors. The mathematical methods used to analysis of expected sources of errors in a single sample if experiments usually used in fluid mechanics, heat transfers, bio-chemistry, chemical reactions…etc., are given in simple way. However, the procedure used in the present analysis still be applied to both single and multi- sample engineering measurements.
Biography:
Maher Gamil Ahmed Fathy Higazy, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Benha University, Egypt. Now he is the Dean of Al Salam Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt.
Tharwa Petroleum Company, Egypt
This paper is an effort to prove that reviewing the Previous Petrophysical interpretations is a process worth trying. the re-evaluation, using a fine-tuned or different parameters and more important is changing our ideas and thinking out of the box, can lead to discovering new pay phenomena in mature producing wells. Siwa-2L Field was discovered in Feb.-2013, where the first well Siwa-L-1X was drilled to the Total Depth of 15500 Ft. to test the hydrocarbon potential of Safa and Desouqy Formation and the hydrocarbon shows was recorded while drilling AEB-5, Lower Safa and Desouqy Formations, and the Petrophysical analysis of the well indicated that there 50 ft Net Pay with 10 % porosity within Desouqy Reservoir only and the well put on production by initial rate 4400 BOPD; after drilled four wells and due to the high production from Siwa-2L Structure, the production rate for all wells decreased from 7000 to 1000 BOPD; so Tharwa/Apache worked on how to increase the productivity of Siwa-2L Field and re-evaluation for AEB-5 was done for many wells within Faghur Basin such as SIWA-D-1X and SIWA-L-1X Discoveries. The re-interpretation for this promising reservoir within the area indicated that there a good reservoir with good facies in The Siwa-2L Field and also, there is about 20 Ft Net Pay within AEB-5 in SIWA-L-1X (The Highest Point Within SIWA-2L Structure); depend on these results Tharwa/Apache decided to drill SIWA-2L-6 at the Highest Point within SIWA-2L Structure, the well was drilled in January,2018 to the Total Depth 15000 Ft. within The Paleozoic and the hydrocarbon shows was observed while drilling within AEB-5 and the Petrophysical Interpretation indicated 40 Ft with very good Porosity and good Facies within the AEB-5 Reservoir; the well was put on production to produce 5100 BOPD with 1 % Water Cut (W.C).
Conclusion: Results of this study have been shown that AEB-5 Reservoir well developed within SIWA-2L Structure and the re-evaluation of the Petrophysical interpretation which was done in the past by using different parameters led to increase the productivity of SIWA-2L Field from 1000 to 4000 BOPD.
Keywords: Petrophysical Interpretation, Productivity, Faghur Basin, Re-evaluation, Facies and Net Pay.
Mellitah Oil & Gas BV, Libya
Poor integrity is one of the major causes of leaks and accidents in gas transmission pipelines. To ensure safe operation, it is must to have efficient and effective pipeline integrity management (PIM) system. The corrosion management is one of the important aspects of successful pipeline integrity management program together design, material selection, operations, risk evaluation and communication aspects to maintain pipelines in a fit-for-service condition. The objective of a corrosion management plan is to design corrosion mitigation, monitoring, and inspection strategy, and for maintenance in a timely manner. This paper presents the experience of corrosion management of a gas transmission pipeline from Wafa field to Mellitah gas plant in Libya. The pipeline is 525.5 km long and having 32 inches diameter. It is a buried pipeline. External corrosion on pipeline is controlled with a combination of coatings and cathodic protection while internal corrosion is controlled with a combination of chemical inhibitors, periodic cleaning and process control. The monitoring and inspection techniques provide a way to measure the effectiveness of corrosion control systems and provide an early warning when changing conditions may be causing a corrosion problem.
This paper describes corrosion management system used in Mellitah Oil & Gas BV for its gas transmission pipeline based on standard practices of corrosion mitigation and inspection.
Keywords: Corrosion mitigation on gas transmission pipeline, pipeline integrity management, corrosion management of natural gas pipeline
1National School of Applied Sciences, Morocco
2Laboratory of Thermostructural Materials, Morocco
3University of Bordeaux, France
Oil shale has constituted for a long time an economical hope for countries that possess important reserves of these rocks and that view to use them as an energy source substitute for petroleum. Morocco, with estimated reserves of 93 billion tons, is increasingly looking at oil shale as an alternative energy source. A lot of studies have concentrated on oil shale located in Timahdit and Tarfaya, because of their high percentage of organic matter. Most of the studies focus either on the effect of various parameters on the yield and the quality of the oil obtained by conventional pyrolysis, or on the characterization of these oils by different physical and chemical techniques. This paper explores the possibility to produce new materials, starting from the Moroccan oil shale, for different applications. More specifically, we aimed to demonstrate that the organic fraction of the oil shale could be used as precursors of low cost carbon fibres or graphitizable carbon, after appropriate chemical treatments resulting in a “maturation” of this organic phase. We also showed that this organic fraction of the Moroccan oil shale has interesting bioactive properties and that it could be used as a source of compounds with pharmaceutical interests.
Biography:
Abdelkrim Abourriche is a Professor in the Industrial Engineering Department at the National School of Applied Sciences in Safi, Morocco, taking on the role of Head of the department in 2008. Abdelkrimʼs specialist areas are the development of original natural resources such as Moroccan oil shale, He is the author of over 50 publications in international journals and conference proceedings refereed and a hundred oral presentations or by posters. He is the member of scientific and organizing committees of several national and international conferences
The University of Western Australia, Australia
The formation and deposition of solids during the cryogenic processing of natural gas is a perennial risk for operators. Current tools for predicting heavy hydrocarbon solid formation temperatures suffer from various limitations including restricted composition ranges and/or an inability to represent the available literature data. New measurements of the trace BTEX, CO2 and H2O solubilities in multi-component LNG mixtures are essential if more robust predictive models are to be developed. Furthermore, the process gas chromatographs used to protect cryogenic heat exchangers from solids freeze-out do not have the resolution needed to distinguish high- and lower-risk compounds (e.g. benzene Vs hexane), and only provide an indirect indication of risk: the composition measured must still be converted to a freeze-out temperature using a thermodynamic model. We present here outcomes from our ongoing program to help avoid cryogenic solids formation in LNG production. A new software tool called Thermo FAST has been developed and endorsed by GPA Midstream to replace the Kohn-Luks Solids Solubility Program. High-pressure visual cells operating at cryogenic temperatures have been constructed and used to produce new solid-liquid equilibrium data to further validate and extend Thermo FAST. These tools have been used to explore phenomena of retrograde solidification in LNG systems, which may lead to novel methods of mitigating inadvertent solids formation in operating plants. Finally, our efforts to develop a more robust sensor capable of directly assessing heavy hydrocarbon freeze-out risk will be described.
Biography:
Arman Siahvashi is completing a PhD degree in chemical engineering and natural gas processing at the University of Western Australia (UWA). His PhD focuses on the measurement of thermophysical properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG); data which are crucial to solve the issue of plant shutdowns due to blockages caused by the freeze-out of impurities, which is a major problem facing the LNG industry.
1University of Qom, Iran
2University of Tehran, Iran
3K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran
Development of the oil industry has increased the possibility of oil spillage into the soil. Oil pollution not only has serious environmental damages, but also it can change the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of soils. Clayey soils have complex behavior in the presence of petroleum products. In order to better understand the complicated behavior of oil-contaminated clayey soils, different laboratory tests ware conducted on gas oil-contaminated illite soil. The amounts of gas oil were between 0 to 20% by soil dry weight. In this study, standard compaction and one-dimensional consolidation tests were performed to evaluate the effect of gas oil on the compaction and consolidation properties of illite. Also, direct shear and unconfined compression tests were done to investigate the strength parameters of contaminated illite. In addition, scanning electron and atomic force microscopes were utilized to study the effect of gas oil on microscopic properties of illite. The results showed a decrease in maximum dry density and an increase in optimum fluid content and compressibility of illite in presence of gas oil. The cohesion, internal friction angle and unconfined compressive strength of the soil reduced when it was exposed to the organic fluid. The results revealed that gas oil has adverse impacts on the geotechnical behavior of illite.
Biography:
Hossein Safehian is an MSc graduate in the field of geotechnical engineering. His research interest is in the area of oil-contaminated soils. He has some publications in the mentioned area.
Khazar University, Baku
Gas hydrates are crystals that are formed around gas molecules such as methane and ethane in extreme conditions, low temperature and high pressure. Smooth oil transportation can be hindered when these gas hydrates are present in the oil pipe lines. One of the assumptionsto bypass this problem is to inject some chemicals that can preclude crystallisation in water such that the formation of gas hydrates can altogether be avoided. These solvents can preferentially interact with water, thereby reducing the chances of gas hydrate production. Systematic experimental study of low temperature products such as gas hydrates is complicated due to the formation of ice crystals. However, with the aid of atomistic computer simulations one can effectively investigate the problem using effective atomic potentials. In order to unlock the mechanism of interactions of small organic molecules with water, performing extensive molecular dynamics simulations are envisaged. The systems are studied in a wide range of temperatures, going from normal temperatures to super cooled regime. As a starting step, a comparative study of aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone solutions using widely used TIP4P/OPLS combination potentials have been performed to see whether this organic solvent has got anti-crystallising property. The choice of acetone is made because the principal difference between acetone and DMSO lies only in the central atom of these molecules. The principal site- site correlations and degree of structure of both aqueous systems have been investigated, which suggests that sulfinyl group of DMSO interacts more strongly with water than carbonyl group in acetone does. Stronger interaction of sulfinyl group than carbonyl group with water is also reflected in quantitative hydrogen bonding analysis. Density calculations across a wide range of temperatures were also made, in order to investigate its dependence with respect to temperatures. Analysis indicates that the solute-solvent separation does not exist at higher concentrations studies, implying weakening of thermodynamic anomalies.
The present study reveals the quantitative and qualitative aspects of interactions that exist between amphiphile solutes like DMSO and acetone and water. Analyses indicate existence of three dimensional DMSO-water complexes by which DMSO molecules can avoid crystallisation. Such complexes cannot exist in aqueous acetone solutions due to planarity of acetone molecule. Occurrence of the three dimensional structures can trap more water molecules, thereby inhibiting water from nucleation and subsequent crystallisation. Stronger interactions of DMSO with water that are observed across a wide range of temperature have profound impact on petroleum industry because stronger interactions of DMSO with water resulting in larger three dimensional complexes that can prevent water nucleation, prologue to crystallisation which reduces oil transporting efficiency by preventing the formation of gas hydrates.
Biography:
Dr Jestin Mandumpal, obtained a PhD from Curtin University, Australia, currently is a lecturer in Chemistry at Khazar University Baku. His academic activities are focused on three themes: development in novel education methods in Chemistry, development and application of novel computing methods for physics of liquids and solutions, & teaching various chemistry courses to undergraduates and pre-university students. He has procured vital teaching research experience in chemistry from four continents. Recently, he has been awarded chartered chemist status by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. He is the author of “A Journey through Water: Scientific Explorations of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth”
Lebanese American University, Lebanon
Unconventional reservoirs are naturally fractured while presenting an extremely tight rock with low reservoir permeability. In order to have an economic development, a multistage hydraulic fracturing is needed. Due to this reservoir stimulation process, a complex fracture network is created between the well and the stimulated reservoir region leading to an increase in the exchange surface area between the matrix and the flowing fractures. Hence, flow modeling from such complex fractures network becomes tremendously challenging. In addition, existing modeling approaches based on the dual-continuum models (dual-porosity/dual-permeability) suffer from over-simplified or excessive assumptions where such models are unable to capture the transient fluid transfer between the matrix and the fracture. Note that, due to the low permeability in the matrix domain; the inter-porosity flow dominates. As a result, subdividing the matrix media using the MINC method is needed to accurately capture the transient flow. This work presents a Discrete Fracture Model (DFM) based on a Multiple Interacting Continua (MINC) proximity function; aiming to solve some of the problems mentioned above in fractured reservoir simulation. This hybrid hierarchical approach consists in a conductivity threshold leading to a triple-continuum model representation, consisting of: (1) the matrix media, (2) a high conductivity stimulated fracture network and (3) a low conductivity fracture network. Also, our proposed DFM is meshless where a 3D reservoir problem is reduced to a 1D flow problem. As well as, it offers the user the ability to fix the matrix refinement level which is a function of the fractures density and flow regime. One of the originalities of this approach relies on the way we use the well-known MINC formalism to subdivide the matrix grid-block. In order to validate the improvements from the proposed approach, several examples provide DFM-MINC proximity function accuracy validation, robustness and ability to conform complex fractures network while offering a superior computational efficiency, giving the user a rapid response for any sensitivity test.
Biography:
Nicolas Farah after completing his B.E. at Polytechʼ Marseille, Nicolas Farah went on to obtain a M.Sc. in Petroleum Engineering; specialized in Reservoir followed by a Ph.D. in geosciences, natural resources and environment from the University of Sorbonneʼs, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC). In addition, Nicolas Farah finished his Ph.D. at IFP Energies nouvelles (French Institute of Petroleum Engineering) at Rueil-Malmaison (France).
By September 2017, he was assigned as Assistant Professor of Petroleum Engineering in the School of Engineering at the Lebanese American University, Lebanon. Continuing from his doctorate research on flow modelling from unconventional reservoirs, the areas of research that interest him now include reservoir simulation and enhanced oil recovery methods.
1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
2Penn State University, USA
3Penn State University, USA
4The Phillips 66 Company, USA
Application of shear flow to molten, highly isotactic polypropylene (iPP), results in two different morphology transitions: (1) above a certain shear rate but below a critical shear stress, flow-induced precursors nucleate many small crystallites; (2) for shear stress above, shish precursors nucleate highly oriented shish-kebab morphology. Herein we studyflow-induced crystallization (FIC) in iPP with different molecular weights, using rotational and capillary rheometry. Since precursors created by shear are quite stable, we can also use differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) to study crystallization, melting and morphology of iPP samples with different shear histories. Above a critical shear rate (inverse of long-chain relaxation time ), the onset of crystallization on cooling shifts to higher temperatures, compared to unsheared samples. POM micrographs see a clear border between the regions affected by FIC (with ) and regions crystallizing as though they had not been sheared. FIC results in much smaller crystallites, so-called rice grains of order 1 µm in size. Above a critical shear stress (~0.11 MPa) in the rotational rheometer, the morphology transitions to a shish-kebab structure. Shish appear in micrographs as highly aligned birefringent regions; in DSC, flow-induced shishfurther accelerate the onset of crystallization. In the rheometer, sheared samples with at 170°C (above Tm), behave as a viscoelastic liquid identical to unsheared samples, whereas strongly sheared samples with behave as weak gels, revealing the presence of a percolating network of shish. In capillary rheometry, samples sheared above this threshold stress likewise show anabrupt increase in apparent viscosity.
Khalifa University of Science and Technology Research Center, Petroleum Institute Campus, UAE
The issue of corrosion is a well-known problem and it causes the weakening of metal and its properties and makes it unfit for use. Corrosion causes enormous economic losses consistently over years in equipment maintenance, repair, and its substitution. In Gulf Cooperation Council (G.C.C) countries, money spent into corrosion control and repair are extremely dependent on production of oil, refining and petrochemicals sector shall be noteworthy as it comprises more than 33% of gross domestic products. Until now, various coatings have been developed to tackle this problem like sacrificial coatings, barrier coatings, noble metal coatings and electrically resistive coatings. In this study, self-healing smart anti-corrosion coatings were synthesized as it is a much lesser investigated area of research. Functionalized particles from mesoporous carbon along with mesoporous silica etc. were used as Nano containers for encapsulation of corrosion inhibitor for self-healing purpose using layer-by layer (lbl) self-assembly method and their effect on performance of coatings were studied after adding in commercially available polymer matrix against the corrosion of mild carbon steel in seawater. A series of tests were conducted on the resultant coatings to investigate their corrosion resistance, self-healing performance etc. This study will evaluate the protection offered by coatings of commercially available porous materials against the corrosion of mild steel in seawater, along with addition of different encapsulated nano containers in the polymer matrix. Benzotriazole (BTA) was used as a corrosion inhibitor in this study for synthesizing Nano containers. Self-healing smart anti-corrosion coatings, is a much lesser explored area of research with the major challenge of low adhesion properties and release of Nano containers to heal the corroded metal substrate. This calls for preparation of substrate surface and treatment of coatings to establish good interfacial interaction of the nano containers with the porous material and their successful release in the medium upon a pH change to avoid delamination/corrosion of coatings in water. The potential of the functionalized carbon materials to further enhance anticorrosion performance of the self-healing coatings was also evaluated. The coatings were prepared by brush coatings as well as dip-coating methods in determined optimal conditions on clean polished mild carbon steel coupons. The coating degradation behavior and corrosion resistance was investigated by the immersion tests (performed in 3.5 wt. % sodium chloride solution) and Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (PEIS). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) testing was done only initially in order to determine the degree of impregnation in the pores of the carbon and silica materials. Corrosion monitoring was performed using Linear Polarization (LP) technique. Other nanocapsules characteristics were studied using techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the composition of the multilayers of the Nano capsules, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the surface morphology of coatings as well as nanocapsules. The visual appearance of coating and corrosion products was studied using Optical Microscopy (OM). Coating thickness measurements were done using a standard PosiTector gauge. Zeta Potential was also analyzed continuously during the synthesis of nanocapsules in order to optimize the layer-by-layer assembly of a self-healing coating. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was also studied to analyze the release behavior of the synthesized Corrosion Inhibitor encapsulated Nano containers in different pH of water. Self-healing testing of the synthesized coatings based on ASTM D7027-13 standards was also carried out to analyze the coating performance when exposed to corroding conditions. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results illustrated the improved corrosion resistance of the coating based on carbon materials. The proposed coating also had a rapid self-healing ability in the presence of water. The mesoporous carbon based coatings produced, were highly stable and protective in nature. The self-healing coatings possessed high impedance good barrier characteristics. The mesoporous carbon and functionalized mesoporous carbon coatings were compared with coatings of mesoporous silica and commercially available vinyl acrylate. The SEM analysis also revealed successful release of BTA onto the corroded surface thus verifying the self-healing effect. UV-Vis predicted that the carbon based capsules had more impregnation of the corrosion inhibitor than the silica based nanocontainers. It was observed that carbon based coatings and its 5 wt. % composition in the polymer matrix had better anticorrosive performance and adhesion than the silica coatings and provided much greater substrate protection as explained in the work in detail.
Biography:
Dr. Ahmad Tabish is presently working as a Researcher at Petroleum Institute Research Center of Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE in the field of corrosion coatings based on polymers for oil/gas industry. He has a good International and National exposure to working on Research projects. Presently, he is a Researcher at Petroleum Institute of Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) at Abu Dhabi, UAE. His Research work includes synthesis of self-healing, anti corrosion coatings based on nano-materials.
1Department of Petroleum Engineering College of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Mosul University, Iraq
2Salah al-din University, Iraq
The surveyed area covering about 8000 km2 in the north of Iraq is divided into three regions (Zakho, Mosul-Duhok and Aqra regions) with elevations ranges between 250 to 1910m above sea level. The study area is located within low and high folded zones including a number of important anticlines (Kand, Dahkan, Alqush, Shaikhan, Duhok, Bekher, Atrush, Birifka, Chia Gara, Maten, Aqra, Piris and Perat mountains). A total of 868 gravity points were measured and corrected. A terrain correction grid was calculated using 30-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using Oasis Montaj program with grids of 45 and 5m cell sizes for regional and local, respectively. Total terrain correction values are ranged from 0.00 to 82.28 mGals with an average of 33.03mGal. Those values were, then, added to the complete Bouguer Anomaly values. The Bouguer anomaly map for the study area was drawn with similar parameters which are previously applied to produce the IPCʼs map and tied with it. The present gravity map shows well correlation with the old results, and the regional trend with a gradual, uniform decrease towards the northeast is appeared. The isostatic residual map is indicated the presence of overcompensated regions near Chia Gara and Mateen anticlines and extends to Aqra region with negative value reaching to -20 mGal. By contrast, there are under compensation at the south regions with positive isostatic anomalies about 80 mGal. The compensation zero line in the study area is appeared around the bigger structures (Chia Gara, Mateen, Mangesh, Aqra, Piris and Perat). The Moho discontinuity depth was calculated from topographical and Bouguer anomaly grids for the study area using Oasis montaj software to acquire the crustal thickness map. Furthermore, upper mantle anomalies in the study area were determined by upward continuing of isostatic residual anomaly field to 45 km and then subtracted from previous isostatic residual anomaly (upward continued to 35 km). Gravity data were analyzed by several qualitative techniques for the isolation of the regional and residual anomalies. The optimum upward continuation level produced was 14 km that applied to obtain the residual and regional anomaly maps of the study area.
1Institute of Fuel Research and Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bangladesh
2Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Natural Gas Condensate, a low density, high API gravity colorless or light-yellow liquid hydrocarbons is generally found with raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields. Globally, the composition of the condensates varies from field to field and each one has its own unique composition. Bibiyana gas field is the second largest gas field so far discovered in Bangladesh and the total reserve of gas has been estimated about 5.5TCF (Trillion cubic feet) and 30.7 million barrels of condensate. In this study the physicochemical characteristics of raw gas condensate of Bibiyana gas field, commercial motor spirit, kerosene and diesel fuel as well as products obtained from gas condensate have been carried out. Process optimization have been performed to produce motor spirit, kerosene and diesel from raw gas condensate based on boiling ranges. The experiments revealed that collected gas condensate contains more than 50% motor spirit (regular octane/petrol) in the boiling range of 21-145°C, 23% kerosene in the boiling range of 140-221°C and 24-25% diesel in the boiling range of 178-335°C with small amount of residue and system loss. The characteristics of different obtained fractions (Motor spirit, Kerosene & Diesel) are very comparable to commercial products available from nearby fuel pump station supplied by Meghna petroleum which is fulfill the Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) standard. The octane number of motor spirit could be increased by adding 5% of supper octane or ethanol or MTBE. The improved motor spirit as well as fractionated value-added products could directly be used as transport fuel and contribute in saving foreign currency of the country.
Keywords: Bibiyana gas field; Gas condensate; Boiling Point; BSTI; Motor spirit (Petrol); Kerosene; Diesel; MTBE & Super octane.
Biography:
S.M. Asaduzzaman Sujan is currently serving as a Senior Scientific Officerin the Institute of Fuel Research and Development, BCSIR, Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh. He is also a PhD fellow in the department of Environmental Science, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh and have been completed his M.Sc and B.Sc from Dhaka University. In his career, more than 21 research articles published at peer reviewed journals. Besides this he has completed 2 projects ($2.5 million) as a Project Directorfunded by Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund. Now he is working as an expert (Consultant) in the World Bank Project under Ministry of Environment and Forest, Bangladesh.
Imam Sadiq University, Iran
Maybe the concept of ownership, along with the financial and economic issues of oil and gas contracts, is the most important factor in the contractual transformations and changes in the patterns of these contracts. Contemplating oil and gas contracts indicates that oil-rich countries have always tried to design and use those kind of patterns that limit the ownership of international oil companies. This effort represents the implementation of the principle of national sovereignty over natural resources and that is the main factor for transition from Concession Contracts to Sharing Contracts. Accordingly, this paper studies the status of international oil companiesʼ ownership of Iranʼs oil and gas underground resources in order to clarify its nature and place in various contractual patterns. Since all the laws and regulations in Iranian legal regime are influenced by Islamic law, it is also necessary to study the concept of ownership of oil and gas resources in the Islamic law. It seems that international law, as well as domestic law, prefers the sovereignty and ownership of states over their natural resources to the rights of international oil companies. On the other hand, it seems that international companies are entitled to seek appropriate compensation in return.
Keywords: Oil and gas law, ownership in oil and gas contracts, state sovereignty over natural resources, international law, Iranian oil and gas contracts
University Center Hassiba Benbouali, Algeria
Due to its strategic position and its rich energetic resources (Oil and gas), the Middle East is of pivotal importance to the big countries. This fuelled a heated rivalry between major regional and international powers over the region. In this intervention, we will focus mainly on the international a regional power behavior of some of the energetic stakeholders in such as Russia, China, the US, Arabia Saudi; Israel and Turkey towards the key oil producing countries in the new gas discoveries in the Levant Basin with view to achieving their energy security. We will start by tackling the international and regional conflict over energy-rich the-Mediterranean regions, without forgetting to go about the pipelines that transport the energetic resources from the production areas to Europe, the energetic dimension of the Syrian crisis.
Biography:
Benferhat Ahmed is currently studying his PhD at University Center Hassiba Benbouali, Algeria.
Technical University of Berlin, Germany
Oil and gas development in the Caspian region is associated with pollution risks. This research aimed to better understand those risks by using satellite data to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of anthropogenic and naturally occurring oil slicks in the Azerbaijani portion of the Caspian Sea performing stochastic modelling of the risk that the oil spills pose to water quality and shoreline ecosystems and validating model predictions using satellite images. Over 411 satellite images acquired by SENTINEL-1, LANDSAT-8, RADARSAT, ENVISAT and ERS sensors between 1996 and 2017 were used for the semi-automatic detection and discrimination of oil spills and natural seepage slicks using object-based classification and visual interpretation. Anthropogenic oil pollution, natural seepage slicks and ‘hotspots’ or areas frequently covered by oil slicks were identified. Anthropogenic hotspots were observed at Oil Rocks Settlement, Chilov and Pirallahi Islands, three of the areaʼs oldest oil platforms, with oil spill rates of up to 1264 m3 per day. The contamination probability of more than 50% was primarily located in the shoreline range of 464–508 km with the existence of high rank environmental and social sensitivities. The highest maximum accumulated emulsion mass (tonnes) was also observed in the shoreline range of 464–508 km with high contamination probability > 50% and with the existence of high rank environmental and social sensitivities. This research demonstrates how remote sensing data can be used to identify oil pollution hotspots and to quantitatively assess the risk to shoreline areas with high environmental value.
1Petroleum Engineering Department, University Technology Petronas, Malaysia
2Centralized Analytical Laboratory, University Technology Petronas, Malaysia
Application of carbon nanomaterials in oil well drilling fluid has been previously studied and was found to enhance its filtration properties. It is under general consensus that addition of colloids in suspension will alter its rheology. Carbon nanomaterials, in this research work; graphene nanoplatelets is a hydrophobic material which has been previously studied to be enhance filtration properties of drilling fluid can be functionalized to improve its dispersion in aqueous solution. However, different method of functionalization may yield different degree of dispersion, thus varying rheological behavior of drilling fluid. The objective of this study was to characterize colloidal dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in aqueous solution and its impact on the rheological behavior of water-based drilling fluid. Dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets was achieved through non-covalent fictionalization by means of surfactant attachment. UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to analyze the dispersion of GNP in aqueous solution. Rheological test was carried out using a simple direct-indicating viscometer at six (6) different speeds. Results revealed that degree of dispersion of GNP using Triton X-100 was generally higher than both SDS and DTAB. Comparison between rheological behavior of drilling fluid with GNP dispersed using different surfactants shows that little to no difference at low shear rates. At high shear rates however, greater dispersion of GNP shows higher thinning properties while fluid with low dispersion of GNP exhibited linear behavior or thickening properties.
Biography:
Syahrir Ridha is an Associate Professor in University Technology Petronasʼ Petroleum Engineering Department where he has been a faculty member since 2014. He is currently the Master of Engineering in Drilling Engineeringʼs Programme Manager. Ridha completed his Degree in Mining Engineering at University Islam Bandung in 2006. He then furthered his study with Master in Petroleum Engineering at University Technology Petronas. Ridha completed his PhD at University Technology Petronas in 2013. His research interest lies in the chemistry of fluids, ranging from cementing to oil-well drilling muds and nanotechnology. Ridha has collaborated with researchers in several other disciplines of engineering science particularly geology and analytical chemistry.
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